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國際金融消保趨勢

發布時間:2021-04-20 19:04:47

A. 當前國際金融市場的三大發展趨勢

(一)國際金融市場的一體化趨勢
由於電子計算機技術與衛星通訊的應用,分散在世界各地的金融市場已緊密地聯系在一起,全球性資金調撥和資金融通可在幾秒鍾之內迅速完成。另外,隨著跨國銀行的空前發展,國際金融中心已不限於少數發達國家金融市場,而是向全世界擴展。這樣,各個金融市場和金融機構便形成了一個全時區、全方位的一體化國際金融市場。這是國際金融市場一體化的重要表現。國際金融市場一體化的另一個表現是金融資交易的國際化。金融資產交易的國際化,是指交易的參加者不受國籍的限制,表明金融資產面值的貨幣也不受任何限制。
(二)國際金融市場的證券化趨勢
在第二次世界大戰後,國際銀行貸款一直是國際融資的主要渠道,並於1980年達到頂峰,占國際信貸總額的比重高達85%。但從1981年開始,國際銀行貸款地位逐漸下降,到80年代中期,國際證券已取代了國際銀行貸款的國際融資主渠道地位。1985年,國際銀行貸款占國際信貸總額為41%,國際債券發行額則佔59%。1986年前者僅為29%,後者高達71%。進入90年代以後,這種趨勢也未發生逆轉。金融市場的結構性變化,除了從銀行貸款逐漸轉向證券之外,還包括在以前不進行交易的資產(如公司應收款項)也可成為交易的資產。形成金融市場證券化(Securitization)趨勢的主要原因是:①在債務危機的影響下,國際銀行貸款收縮了,促使籌資者紛紛轉向證券市場;②發達國家從70年代末以來實行金融自由化政策,開放證券市場並鼓勵其發展;③金融市場廣泛採用電子計算機和通訊技術,使市場能處理更大量的交易,更迅速、廣泛地傳送信息,對新情況迅速作出反應,設計新的交易程序,並把不同時區的市場連續起來,這為證券市場的繁榮提供了技術基礎;④一系列新金融工具的出現,也促進了證券市場的繁榮。
(三)金融創新的趨勢
金融創新(Financial Innovation)的含義,有狹義和廣義之分。狹義的金融創新是指金融工具和金融業務的創新;廣義的金融創新則指涉及金融各個方面(金融工具、金融業務、金融機構和金融市場)的、全面的創新。

B. 急求經濟類外文文章,題目是關於國際金融監管發展趨勢

China has joined the WTO, foreign financial institutions with the continuous influx, is bound to China's financial regulatory bodies brought regulatory problems. This paper through the analysis of the international financial regulatory system in the organizational structure, legal system, supervision, self-discipline and supervision of international mechanisms, such as the development trend of China on the basis of financial supervision should be improved following areas: the establishment of an effective financial supervision organizations System, establish and improve financial supervision and legal system, improve China's financial supervision and management, establish and improve China's financial supervision and self-regulatory mechanism, strengthening financial supervision and international cooperation and exchanges.

Financial regulators around the world are facing the common task. Western countries in the long-term monitoring practice, accumulated a lot of useful experience and technology. Comparing countries in the world financial supervision and the different characteristics and trend of development, will help us explore suitable for China's national conditions of the road to financial supervision.

First, the international development trend of financial supervision

(A) the financial regulatory system to the organizational structure of the mixed system of supervision or monitoring of the instry completely mixed mode transition

States system of financial supervision and different organizational structure. Britain's David T Professor Lu Ailin in 1997 to 73 countries in financial supervision and structure study found that 13 countries a single body mixed supervision, 35 state banking, securities, insurance separate supervision , 25 countries of the mixed instry regulation, the latter including the unified supervision of the banking securities and insurance separate supervision (7); unified supervision of the banking insurance, securities regulation alone (13) and the Securities unified insurance regulation, banking supervision alone (three ) Three kinds of forms, and the impact of the financial operation mode, the designated professional regulatory body that is completely separate supervision on the number of countries in showing a decreasing trend, the national financial supervision organizations being part of mixed supervision or completely mixed supervision The mode of transition.

(B) financial supervision and showing a convergence of the rule of law, international development trends

The convergence of financial supervision and the rule of law is that all countries in the monitoring system and the specific mode of interaction, and mutual coordination of the increasingly close. As the economic, social cultural and traditional differences in the legal system, financial supervision and the rule of law in the formation of a certain style in the world have a greater impact on the two categories: First, the British model, known to non-institutionalized, Canada, Australia, New Zealand is an Such. The second is the American model, to standardize the world-famous, strict supervision, Japan, the European continent and more countries are such. Historically, the United Kingdom's financial sector supervision mainly taken the form of instry self-regulation, supervision of the Bank of England in the discharge of their ties formation of the informal style of supervision, not to strict laws and regulations as the basis, but often through moral persuasion, such as gentlemen's agreement to Achieve their goals while the United States is a legal system in the country said, the financial regulatory system as a model for regulating the management, supervision of numerous laws and regulations, the United States for the development of the financial instry to create a standardized and orderly, fair and competitive market environment. Since the 1970s, has two modes of mutual integration of the trend, the United Kingdom continued to the rule of law, law on construction while the United States to move closer to the British model, the deregulation of the enhanced regulatory flexibility.

With the deepening of the international financial, to financial institutions and business activities across national boundaries limitations, in this context, objectively speaking, countries will need the unique regulations and practices into a unified international framework, financial supervision and the rule of law Graal internationalization. Bilateral agreements, regional integration within the framework of monitoring the legal system, particularly the Basel Committee adopted a series of agreements, principles, standards and other countries in the world in the promotion and application of all countries in the world financial regulation will change impact on the legal system.

(C) financial supervision and pay more attention to risk control and supervision of the business innovation

From the regulatory content, the regulatory authorities of the countries in the world has achieved two key regulatory changes: First, pay attention to the regulatory compliance of regulatory compliance and risk control of both changes. Has been past the regulatory authorities will focus on monitoring compliance with regard that as long as the market properly formulate the rules of the game, and to ensure compliance with the implementation of market participants, will be able to achieve regulatory objectives. However, with the banking sector innovation and change, compliance and regulatory shortcomings constantly exposed, it is less sensitive market, banks can not reflect the risk, the corresponding regulatory measures also lag behind the development of the market. In view of this, international organizations and banking supervision in some countries regulatory authorities have launched a series of risk-based supervision of the prudent rules, such as the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision published the "core principles of effective banking supervision", "interest rate risk management principles" , To achieve the regulatory compliance of the regulatory supervision and risk control of both changes. Second, focus on traditional banking regulation and innovation to the traditional business operations both regulatory changes. With the continuous development of financial markets, financial innovations emerging procts, such as financial derivatives trading, online banking transactions and other business innovations, increase their income but also increases the risk, and more proliferation, the impact on the financial markets are more directly And fierce. Therefore, only focus on traditional banking supervision has been unable to fully and objectively reflect the situation of the risk of the banking sector, only "two-pronged", monitoring both traditional and innovative business operations and effectively guard against and defuse the banking instry's overall risk.

(D) increasing emphasis on financial supervision and financial institutions in internal control systems and instry self-regulatory mechanism to the internal controls of financial institutions to implement effective financial supervision is the prerequisite and basis. The world's financial regulatory practice shows that external financial supervision and a powerful force in any case, the degree of supervision and meticulous and careful in any case, if there is no financial institution's internal controls are compatible and work a half times the matter, the financial effect of regulation greatly reced. The management of foreign banks operating in the strong sense of internal control, as this is very important management ideas, throughout the operation and management system work. Foreign commercial banks to set up an independent specialized in general in other sectors, only to the highest authority responsible for the bank's internal audit institutions, and establish a sound internal control system. In recent years, because of Barings Bank, Daiwa Bank and Sumitomo Corporation and a series of serious incidents and internal control mechanism on all the deficiencies or ineffective implementation of a direct relationship between the international financial groups and financial institutions in shock aside, have started re - Review and examine their own internal situation, so as not to repeat the mistakes of others, the regulatory authorities in many countries and a number of important international organizations have begun to monitor the bank's internal control problems to give unprecedented attention.

Financial institutions with instry self-regulatory mechanism as the financial instry enhance security one of the important means by universal attention. To countries on behalf of the European continent, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands Institute of Bankers in countries such as credit agencies and some professional organizations in the instry to varying degrees, played a supervisory role. Despite the financial instry associations in various countries in the monitoring system status varied, but all countries in comparison to its financial regulatory system in the role.

(5) to the international financial supervision and direction of development

With the internationalization of financial deepening and development of countries the link between financial markets and dependence have been strengthened, and all kinds of risks in the transfer between countries, the spread is inevitable, such as the July 1997 outbreak of the crisis in Southeast Asia To spread to many countries, so that the entire world economy have been a strong shock. Internationalization of the financial demands of the international financial regulation itself, if countries in different regulatory measures on the elastic, will not only weaken the effect of national regulatory measures, but it will also lead to large-scale international speculative funds transfer, the impact of international financial stability. Therefore, the Western countries committed to the joint supervision of international banks, such as the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, adopted by the "Basel Agreement" unity of the international definition of bank capital and capital standard rate. Various international monitoring organizations have also established and maintained cooperation and exchanges. Another manifestation of the international, national to transnational banking supervision more unified and standardized.

Second, the international financial supervision to the development trend of China's Inspiration

(A) the establishment of an effective system of financial supervision organizations

In 1998 China's financial regulatory system, formation of the People's Bank of China, the SFC, the China Insurance Regulatory Commission were monitoring banking, securities and insurance sub-sector supervision and management system, such a system adapted to the sub-instry of China's financial operation Institutional structures. But with the development of China's financial instry, the business model to meet the needs of graally revealed, the outstanding performance of the banking assets of the project is too concentrated, broker financing channels for poor, low efficiency of insurance capital investment. Then graally relax control management, such as allowing brokers to enter the inter-bank lending market and allow insurance funds to purchase investment funds entering the stock market and to allow the broker stock collateral loans, showing a trend of mixed operations. At the same time, some financial institutions began to follow foreign counterparts, the way to controlling the expansion of the scope of its business, such as the China Everbright Group and the CITIC Group-banking, securities and insurance business in one, a structure in line with international trends of the financial group's prototype. On the other hand, China's accession to the WTO, foreign financial institutions with the massive influx of foreign financial trend is bound to the operation mode of China's financial instry shocks and challenges. Therefore, we should learn from advanced foreign experience to China's financial supervision and organizational structure appropriate reforms to adapt to the changed economic and financial situation.

More developed countries, the regulatory approach, we believe that we can draw the United States consolidated supervision and regulation of the instry with the model, the establishment of the Authority as the country's financial supervisory authority, through the financial holding company to achieve the monitoring of the banking, securities and insurance business Comprehensive supervision, the professional regulatory bodies are still responsible for the supervision of their respective areas. National Financial Authority's main task is to address the financial regulatory vacuum to take timely measures, the financial regulatory bodies of the scope of responsibility of coordinating the various regulatory bodies conflicts of interest, and regulation of ownership, and so on.

This new organizational structure of financial supervision model can meet after the implementation of the operation mode of development of the financial instry's regulatory system requirements, but also to adapt to the business at this stage to the operation mode of the transition period regulatory requirements, it is an ideal Choice
(B) To establish and improve financial supervision and legal system

First of all, based on the domestic financial instry to the development of the status quo, the international financial regulatory changes and new trends in the world after foreign financial institutions merged the supervision of the needs of a timely job of waste regulations, reform, legislation work. Secondly, we must strengthen the financial regulation and law enforcement supervision, so that non-financial regulatory functions of financial regulation and law enforcement departments regulatory functions, such as legal departments, OIA sector.

(C) improve and perfect China's financial supervision, improve the efficiency of regulation

Will monitor compliance with the risk of the combination of monitoring, to check compliance of the premise, risk-based supervision, they both set up bank credit rating system, compliance and risk rating, to strengthen its banking Risk management and the identification and management, enhance self-binding, while the central bank for banks operating accurately grasp the situation and in accordance with the different levels of supervision of banks to adopt different measures to strengthen the supervision of the banking business innovations, such as Internet banking should be formally included in the financial The management of the establishment of specialized banking network access system, developed network security standards, the establishment of security authentication system. Should pay attention to strengthen the regulation can not stifle financial innovation and obstacles; use of modern technology on the implementation of financial operation dynamic, real-time, continuous risk monitoring, in order to promptly resolve regulatory risks increase efficiency.

(D) establish and improve China's financial supervision and self-regulatory mechanism

1, China's financial institutions improve the internal control system. Basically, China's financial institutions have formulated a set of internal control systems, but with the degree of China's financial markets continue to improve, we must further improve and perfect the internal control mechanism. First, a reasonable set of internal control agencies. To China's commercial banks as an example, although more common to set up an internal audit body, but most of all branches under the jurisdiction of lack of independence and authority, should learn from foreign experience, the establishment of the supreme body responsible for the OIA, to To ensure the highest concern about the practice of managers to any problems. Only in this way can we make the highest authority within the regulatory status of clear. Second, the establishment of financial institutions, the internal control audit and evaluation system. China's financial institutions in the self-restraint weak, not strong sense of internal control and supervision over-reliance on external circumstances, the establishment of internal audit and evaluation system is very important. Third, the adequacy of internal control to improve facilities, the establishment of efficient financial management information system. The use of modern computer tools, and information collection, processing, transmission, automation, and the sharing of information resources. Through the establishment of the database, the model, the way to achieve rapid, accurate and reasonable projections and analysis, providing internal control sources of information and the final decision-making support. Fourth, revise and improve the internal control system. Internal control system is the establishment and improvement of a dynamic process, all financial institutions must be timely in accordance with its business development and environmental change constantly revise and improve the internal control system to adapt to its dynamic business development and innovation of financial risk control needs.

2, the establishment of financial instry self-regulatory mechanism. From countries in the world financial system with instry self-regulation of the practice of the construction, trade associations or associations is to meet the financial instry trade protectionism and trade coordination and supervision of the needs of instry spontaneously formed and developed, from the development of China's financial instry analysis of the status quo, there is the financial instry And the rapid development of the financial regulatory authorities in monitoring the relative shortage of contradictions, there is an urgent need to establish the financial supervisory authorities to monitor from the Association Shiyibuque role of the financial system, the creation of a preserve with the instry and orderly competition and guard against financial risks, protect the interests of the members of the instry sectors Self-regulatory mechanism. Recommendations in the financial regulatory authorities to encourage and guide public opinion and the initiative of the spontaneous, on a voluntary basis, the establishment of financial instry trade associations, according to the different types of financial institutions, the establishment of various different parts of the financial trade associations, and on the basis of this form National Association of the financial liaison mechanism, given the financial instry trade associations have protection instry, instry coordination, trade regulation, trade cooperation and exchanges, and other functions.

C. 國際金融創新的原因和未來趨勢

有句來話你應該聽過,人無我有,自人有我優,人優我轉,人轉我變。這是應對競爭的一個總結。
同樣,金融市場也是有競爭的。那麼為了應對日益激烈的競爭,想在市場上立於有利地位或主導地位,那麼就必須要不斷創新,以求獲得競爭優勢。再加之國內國際金融市場的動盪,這就是金融創新的原因。
你自己說的金融風險加大,銀行競爭加劇,世界發展不平衡,這些你聯想一下,比如你要買股票,那麼選什麼股票,就要考慮,這就是風險。同樣一支股票,你看上了,別人也看上了,那麼股價漲了,就是說有人跟你搶著買,這就是競爭。如果你有幾只股票,有的形勢大好,有的就奄奄一息,這就是發展不平衡了。。。
任何事情,都是有因果關聯的。看待一個事情,比如國際金融,產生的一系列的變革動作,都是有其原因的。你倒推過去,就不難找到答案了。
祝好運。。。。。

D. 國際金融監管改革呈現五大趨勢是什麼

金融危機以來,國際金融監管改革主要任務是修復引發危機的「斷層線」,增強全球金融體系的安全穩健性,更好地滿足實體經濟金融需求。金融穩定體系包括:良好的宏觀經濟環境、穩健經營的金融機構、有深度廣度的金融市場、有效的金融安全網及完善的金融基礎設施。加強金融監管有三個層面:一是微觀審慎層面,主要是增強單個銀行機構的穩健性,具體包括資本充足性、流動性、杠桿率、大額風險集中度、公司治理、風險文化等方面。二是宏觀審慎層面,主要是防止系統性風險傳導、緩解順周期問題,包括解決「大而不倒」、化解影子銀行風險和加強逆周期資本補充。三是加強金融基礎設施建設方面,主要是完善會計、審計、外部評級、危機處置、OTC、中央交易對手、基準利率等。
國際金融監管改革呈現五個趨勢。第一,以巴塞爾協議Ⅲ資本監管為核心,覆蓋各類風險,對模型計量的態度更加謹慎,引入簡單的杠桿率作為兜底。第二,識別全球系統重要性銀行(G-SIBs),提高監管強度,制定恢復和處置計劃。第三,從關注銀行到關注非銀行,包括全球系統重要性保險公司(G-SII)、全球系統重要性非銀行非保險金融公司(G-NBNI)和影子銀行。影子銀行包括5種經濟功能:基金信託等集合類投資,財務公司、租賃、保理等批發融資發放貸款,券商、貨幣經紀等融資融券,融資性擔保、信用保證等信用擔保,SIV、ABCP等資產證券化實體功能。第四,強調標准實施的國際一致性,標准要有統一的適用范圍、統一的時間表,評估要同步實施、規則一致、實施一致。第五,尋求多元目標,平衡簡單性,提高可比性和風險敏感性。
建議我國金融監管要時刻把握風險的動態變化,指導機構建立良好的風險文化、合理的公司治理架構工具和適當的激勵。要提高宏觀視野,注重監管措施的先後順序和內在邏輯一致性。關注政策的疊加效應,境外加強監管協調,境內加強金融監管與貨幣政策、財政政策、產業政策等其他宏觀政策的配合,整體提高宏觀經濟穩定性。在加強監管規則建設的同時,提高有效監管能力,避免因規則過於復雜而誘發監管套利行為、加重監管負擔。重視傳統監管手段的作用,通過有效監管施壓於銀行董事會和高管層。應進一步發揮信息披露和市場約束作用。

E. 為什麼說金融國際化是一種必然趨勢

沒有誰說金融國際化就是必然的趨勢。
首先,目前以美元為核心的世界金融體系是美國的霸權地位決定的,這種強權地位不一定就是永衡的;
其次,以黃金本位的美元地位改由紙黃金再到一輪又一輪的量化寬松的純紙質幣金融品,也暴露了美元國際地位不穩,完全有賴美國的軍事大國地位和強權政治加以維系;
再次,由世界金融危機導致的西方國家出現的動盪和危機必將持續動搖以美元為主導的國際金融體系;
第四,以歐元為核心的歐盟一體化以對抗美元對歐洲的洗劫在初露曙光就陷入了危機,前景並不明朗;剛有苗頭的亞元設想就被掐死腹中;
第五,美國雖然處於衰退,美元處於難堪境地,但美國的霸權地位仍然穩固,替代美元的國際貨幣沒有產生的機會;
第六,就美元在世界范圍內的洗劫最後一塊肥沃土壤亞洲和印度尚在崛起之中,無論是成功被洗劫或洗劫被成功對抗,以美元為核心的金融體系的通過匯兌和交易方式的洗劫將無法持續;
……。
結論,以美元或其它什麼貨幣為核心的國際金融一體化必將崩潰,人類社會將產生新的國際經濟關系和新的國際間商品交換的結算方式。

F. 簡述金融市場的發展趨勢

金融市場國際化是金融業務的發展趨勢之一。金融市場發展超越國界的限制,與世界金融日益融合,逐漸趨向全球一體化。20世紀70年代以來,金融市場國際化的趨勢日益明顯和加速。主要表現在:

①金融機構跨國化。不僅發達國家在世界金融中心設立了大批的跨國銀行,而且發展中國家也在境外設立了一批離岸金融中心和金融機構。

②金融資產經營國際化。歐洲貨幣市場、歐洲債券市場和全球性股票市場的建立,使人們可在離岸市場上經營世界任何一國的貨幣金融資產。

③貨幣國際化。黃金作為世界貨幣的職能已經蛻化,人們可以通過國際匯兌來轉移各國間的貨幣購買力。不僅美元、德國馬克、英鎊、日元可作為國際結算貨幣,而且還有大批中等發達國家甚至發展中國家的貨幣也逐漸成為可自由兌換的貨幣,朝著世界貨幣的方向發展。

(6)國際金融消保趨勢擴展閱讀

從整體來看我對於未來金融市場都是保持樂觀的態度,從未來五年看來金融市場的驅動力十足,製造業升級和相關的改革將持續獲得產業發展和政策的支持,金融去杠桿與金融監管作用下,貨幣流動性基本維持中性偏緊基本格局,隨著去產能、脫虛入實相關措施的見效,風險有望得到有效改善,消費升級、產業升級、互聯網的加速發展區域協同發展等結構性力量在活躍發力,金融內生結構也在發生積極變化。

參考資料鳳凰財經網 金融市場發展

G. 目前國際金融體系的現狀與趨勢

為重建國際貨幣秩序,在第二次世界大戰結束前,以美英等國為首的國際社會通過多邊協定方式建立了布雷頓森林體系。主要內容包括:(1)設立國際貨幣基金組織(IMF),協調國際貨幣關系,特別是對各國的匯率政策實行監督;(2)實行以黃金為基礎、美元為中心的可調整的固定匯率制度;(3)在成員國發生國際收支困難時,IMF可提供短期信貸,以補充其國際流動性。在最初的近20年裡,該體系運行比較順利,有效地促進了世界經濟的重建、發展和繁榮。但由於該體系的基礎是美元與黃金的可兌換性,並要求其他各國放棄貨幣政策獨立性,因此,當美國國際收支逆差不斷擴大,無法維持美元與黃金的可兌換性時,它的繼續存在便受到明顯挑戰。20世紀70年代初美國停止向各國政府兌回美元後,各國紛紛放棄本幣與美元的固定比價,實行浮動匯率制度,布雷頓森林體系趨於崩潰。1976年在IMF的提議和組織下,國際社會達成牙買加協定,宣布黃金非貨幣化,同時承認各國實施的浮動匯率制度合法化,這標志著國際金融體系再次進入了一個不受全球性多邊協定約束的動盪的時代。

自牙買加協定簽訂以來,國際金融體系總體上沒有發生根本性的變化。由於在許多基本問題上至今沒有形成全球性的制度安排,因此,正如一些學者所指出的那樣,近30年來的國際金融體系事實上處於一種「無體系」的狀態。不過,伴隨著國際經濟和金融一體化程度的不斷提高,特別是經濟區域化的快速發展,該體系也發生了一些局部性變化。大致而言,它包括以下基本特徵:

第一,國際匯率制度呈現出以浮動匯率安排為主、多種匯率安排並存的基本格局。目前,全球有三類基本的匯率安排:一是獨立浮動匯率安排,實行國家包括美國、歐盟、日本和部分新興市場經濟體;二是固定匯率安排,包括實行貨幣局制度和傳統釘住匯率制度的國家,以及已取消法定貨幣國家(如歐盟內部和實行美元化的國家);三是「中間道路」安排,即各種介於浮動匯率和固定匯率之間的安排,如爬行釘住制、區間浮動制和管理浮動制等,主要包括一些外向型程度較高或國內通貨膨脹比較嚴重的發展中經濟體。據統計,2002年,在IMF的186個成員經濟體中,實行上述三類匯率安排的國家分別佔22%、48%和30%。

由於美、歐、日在全球經濟中具有重要地位,因此,它們之間的浮動安排對國際匯率制度的性質具有決定性意義。就單個國家而言,浮動匯率安排的利益主要體現在可以維護貨幣政策的獨立性,並在一定程度上自動調節國際收支失衡。但從國際金融穩定的角度看,它至少包含兩個缺陷:一是匯率的頻繁波動將對正常的國際貿易和投資活動造成不利影響,大大增加全球經濟活動的匯兌成本和風險;二是容易引起匯率政策沖突,即運用本幣貶值政策推行貿易擴張,以犧牲他國利益的方式維護本國利益。在過去一二十年裡,盡管全球范圍沒有發生20世紀30年代那種競爭性貨幣貶值,但局部的沖突卻時有發生。1997年亞洲金融危機時期的情形是較為典型的一個例子。而在工業化國家之間,從80年代後期迫使日元升值的「廣場協議」到最近一個時期美元強勢政策的調整,都充分顯示美國在緩解其經常賬戶逆差時對於匯率貶值政策的依賴。

固定匯率安排的主要意義在於通過全部或部分讓渡貨幣主權,換取匯兌交易成本的降低和更強的國內財經政策約束。各種形式的「中間道路」則有可能兼收浮動匯率和固定匯率的優點,並使本國貨幣當局具有一種相機抉擇的自由。然而,在美、歐、日等大國貨幣頻繁波動的情況下,無論固定匯率還是「中間道路」安排,實際上都面臨著嚴峻的考驗。不少研究顯示,亞洲金融危機的一個重要原因是,1995年以後美元相對於日元的大幅度升值,造成了泰國等實行釘住美元安排的國家貨幣急劇升值,並嚴重損害了這些國家的貿易競爭能力。

第二,國際金融市場在國際收支調節中具有顯著的作用。在布雷頓森林體系時代,由於各國實行嚴格的金融管制,國際金融市場在國際收支調節中作用比較有限,許多國家的經常賬戶逆差調節主要依靠財政貨幣政策。在發生嚴重逆差時,也可有限地運用匯率政策,並從IMF獲得一定的短期信貸支持。然而,自20世紀70年代以來,伴隨著國際金融市場的迅速發展,各國可以方便地通過商業性國際融資彌補其經常賬戶逆差,從而避免採用財政緊縮等可能影響國內經濟穩定的調節措施。作為一種基於市場的安排,國際金融市場的存在提供了充裕的國際流動性,從而大大降低了各國國際收支調節的代價。但在另一方面,它也產生了新的不穩定因素。其中最主要的是,它使一些國家放鬆內部約束,濫用財政擴張政策,延誤必要的國內經濟改革和調整。結果是不僅經常賬戶逆差最終變得難以控制,而且常常為沉重的外債負擔所累,甚至成為金融動盪的根源。

第三,國際資本流動缺乏有效監管,已經成為國際金融不穩定的重要源泉。自20世紀80年代以來,隨著各國資本管制的不斷放鬆,國際資本流動迅猛擴張。目前,全球各類國際資本的日交易量已經超過1.5萬億美元。近年來不少研究顯示,國際資本市場存在著嚴重的結構性缺陷,許多國際投資和信貸決策都是在信息不充分的情況下做出的。在資本流向的國別選擇上,特別是對於發展中國家的資本流動,常常發生「飽飢綜合症」,即當看好一些國家的經濟增長前景時,國際資本大規模湧向那裡,而當這些國家因為資本過度流入而出現危機跡象時,國際資本又快速離去。因此常造成這些國家內外經濟失衡,並最終導致貨幣和金融動盪。此外,在危機發生的前後,由於缺乏有效監管,大規模投機性短期資本的參與更是加劇了有關國家危機的深度,並在危機的國際傳遞方面扮演核心角色。

第四,多邊國際金融機構的功能存在嚴重缺陷,並且具有明顯的不公正性。IMF是布雷頓森林體系的遺產。1973年後,該組織已不再具有對各國匯率安排進行約束的權力,其主要功能是對發生國際收支危機的國家提供短期信貸,以增強其清償能力。然而,由於該組織長期以來資金來源嚴重不足,因此對於危機國家的救援要求不是行動遲緩,就是力不從心,而且常常附加緊縮開支和經濟自由化等不切實際的條件。此外,正如1997年在對亞洲金融危機處理過程中所顯示的,由於明顯受到美國政府和華爾街利益集團的影響,該組織對於美洲以外危機國家的救援要求往往顯得十分冷漠。這表明了該組織在維護國際金融體系穩定方面的功能缺陷和不公正性。

第五,全球性貨幣金融合作成效甚微,區域性貨幣一體化進展顯著。目前,全球性貨幣金融合作的主要渠道是七國首腦和財長會議。總體上看,這個協調機制常常流於形式和務虛,很少具有實質性內容。近年來,IMF和國際清算銀行也在試圖發揮更為積極的作用,但或者成效並不顯著,或者對各國並沒有真正的約束力。相比之下,區域性貨幣合作進程卻取得了顯著的進展。經過數十年的努力,歐元於1999年成功面世,歐元區內部也已建立起統一的中央銀行和貨幣政策框架。值得注意的是,歐元的誕生產生了明顯的示範效應。最近幾年來,在拉美、中東歐等地區,一些國家開始採用美元化和貨幣局制度,或者在區域內實行固定匯率安排。盡管兩年前的金融危機迫使阿根廷放棄了貨幣局制度,但似乎並沒有改變這一趨勢。

第六,美元的金融霸權地位基本依舊,但正在面臨挑戰。自人類進入信用貨幣本位時代以來,一直沒有誕生獨立的世界貨幣,因此,國際經濟交易始終依賴少數幾個主權國家的貨幣來充當國際支付手段和儲備資產。美元正是這些貨幣中最主要的一種。自布雷頓森林體系建立起,藉助美國強大的經濟和政治力量,美元便建立了全球性金融霸權地位。半個多世紀以來,盡管美元在國際支付和儲備資產體系中的份額有所下降,但目前仍然高達60%左右。依靠這種地位,美國獲得了大量的「鑄幣稅」收入,可以通過輸出美元不斷佔有別國的實際經濟資源。

亞洲金融危機爆發後,國際學術界對於現行國際金融體系的缺陷展開了熱烈的討論,並提出了不少積極的改革建議和方案。其中比較有影響的建議包括:增強發達國家之間的貨幣金融合作,建立匯率目標區,以減少大國貨幣之間的匯率波動;加強對國際資本流動的監管,尤其是對投機性資本流動的限制(如實行「托賓稅」,即各國對外匯交易征稅);改革和重塑IMF,增強其資金實力,提高貸款決策的透明度,增加發展中國家在該組織的表決權;加強區域性貨幣金融一體化等等。此外,也有一些比較激進的建議,如回歸金本位體系、恢復布雷頓森林體系和成立世界中央銀行。

歷史不會進行簡單回歸,重新回到金本位或布雷頓森林時代只能是不切實際的幻想。近幾年的發展顯示,其他改革建議也大多沒有得到有效實施。一個根本原因是,以美國為首的發達國家對金融動盪沒有切膚之痛,加上改革有可能損害其既得利益,因而對現行國際金融體系改革在總體上並不積極,對於限制國際資本流動、改革和重構IMF等發展中國家十分關注的改革建議,則更是反應冷淡甚至持反對態度。另外,相互間的潛在利益沖突,也使發達國家很難在所有的改革問題上完全保持一致。比如,美國一直反對日本在亞洲推動貨幣金融合作,特別是反對其倡導成立「亞洲貨幣基金組織」。

展望未來,可以認為,近期內國際金融體系的現狀不可能發生重大變化。不過,從中長期看,伴隨著經濟全球化的持續發展,各國之間經濟聯系將更加緊密和深化,預計會有更多的國家積極致力於構建一個穩定和合理的國際金融體系。這意味著上述改革建議有可能在不同程度上逐步得以實現。作為世界上最大的發展中國家,中國政府已經並且仍將利用各種國際場合積極推動國際金融體系的改革。事實上,自1999年以來,中國在推動亞洲貨幣金融合作方面已經發揮了十分重要的作用。

H. 簡答題:當今國際金融的發展局勢

關於國際金融形勢問題,在國際金融危機的大背景下,世界經濟深度調整,各國政府及時地採取了刺激措施,推動全球經濟逐步走出低谷,總體實現了復甦的態勢,但是當前經濟復甦的基礎並不牢固,主要發達經濟體經濟波動較大,失業率居高不下,部分經濟體財政赤字嚴重,歐洲主權債務危機仍有可能向風險場所較大 的國家綿延,資本流入壓力加大,全球經濟復甦進入了關鍵時期,保持經濟平穩持續增長仍然面臨較大壓力,第四全球經濟復甦步伐有所放緩,二季度美國GDP環比增加2.4%,出口對GDP的增長的貢獻率降低,美聯儲以下調2010年經濟增加預測至3%至3.5%,歐洲主權債務危機的負面影響在逐漸減弱,歐元區經濟復甦程度好於預期,但是就業信貸市場低迷的問題仍然會繼續影響歐洲經濟復甦進程,日本經濟波動較大,二季度實際GDP環比上升0.4%,較一季度的5%下降了4.6個百分點。二是主要發達經濟體失業率仍居高臨下,二季度美國經濟季節調整後的失業率為9.7%,歐洲區調整後的失業率均為10%,日本失業率為0.2%,主要發展經濟體無就業復甦的局面仍將持續,勞動力市場的低迷制約了私人消費的增長。 財政可持續問題凸顯,歐洲主權債務危機表面財政的風險可能在短期內集中爆發,危機經濟金融體系的穩定,目前歐盟採取了大規模的救援措施,但仍未能解決問題,希臘、西班牙未來仍將面臨主權債務危險,二季度美國連邦財政赤字繼續上升,新興市場經濟體的通脹壓力普遍較大,隨著國際金融市場的相對緩和,以及部分新興市場經濟的持續復甦,國際資本特別是短期資本大量流入經濟復甦強勁的新興市場中,引起了局部地區和國家的資產價格快速上漲,通脹壓力增大,6月份印度批發物價指數同比上了10.55%,成為通脹問題最為嚴重的國家,為此印度已經四度加息,6月份巴西的通脹率已經逼近了6.5%的警戒線,今年也三次加息,7月9日韓國央行宣布加息,東南國家截至7月份多大都已加洗。 全球金融市場的不確定仍然存在,上半年主要貨幣間匯率寬幅波動從年初到6月上旬歐元持續下跌一歐元對1.1875是四年來的新低,日元英鎊對美元匯率大幅度提升,全球主要股市振盪,二季度末較一季度末跌幅均超過10%,根據上述分析雖然不確定性和干擾因素較多,但主要經濟體的復甦總體是向好的,新興經濟體復甦勢頭明顯,全球經濟二次探底的可能性不大,根據國際貨幣基金組織的預測,2010年全球經濟增長率為2.6%,美國歐元區日本和新興市場經濟增長率分別為3%、1%、2.4%至6.8%,比09年實際增長率分別高出5.7個、5.1、7.6和4.3個百分點。 一季度國際金融形勢 2010年3月,伴隨著氣溫回升,全球經濟也開始從嚴冬邁向暖春。各大經濟體進一步確立復甦勢頭,二次衰退的可能性愈發減弱,但復甦之路依然艱辛。希臘債務問題取得進展,但歐洲主權信貸問題仍牽動市場神經。亞洲地區復甦步伐超出預期,一些國家開始逐步退出經濟刺激政策。而歐美等發達國家暫不具備加息條件,各主要央行仍維持現行貨幣政策不變。

I. 國際金融的就業方向是什麼

主要的就業方向為:金融分析師、金融風險管理師、特許財富管理師、基金經理、精算師、副總裁級高管、稽查監管人員、產品開發人員、後台工作人員(在財務、結算、稅務方面有經驗)等九大類。

中央(人民)銀行、銀行業監督管理委員會、證券業監督管理委員會、保險業監督管理委員會,這是金融業監督管理機構。

商業銀行,包括四大行和股份制商行、城市商業銀行、外資銀行駐國內分支機構。國家開發銀行、中國農業發展銀行等政策性銀行。

證券公司(含基金管理公司)、信託投資公司、金融控股集團等風險性很大的金融公司。保險公司、保險經紀公司。社保基金管理中心或社保局。

國家公務員序列的政府行政機構如財政、審計、海關部門等;高等院校金融財政專業教師;研究機構研究人員。

(9)國際金融消保趨勢擴展閱讀:

學科構成

國際金融作為一個學科可以分為兩個構成部分:國際金融學(理論、體制與政策)和國際金融實務。前者包括:國際收支、外匯與匯率、外匯管理、國際儲備、國際金融市場、國際資本流動、國際貨幣體系、地區性的貨幣一體化以及國際金融協調和全球性的國際金融機構等。

後者的內容則包括:外匯交易(包括國際衍生產品交易)、國際結算、國際信貸、國際證券投資和國際銀行業務與管理等等。

參考資料來源:網路-國際金融

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