㈠ 中小企業融資現狀有哪些參考文獻
中小企業的十二種有效融資方式
目前各地實行和創新出來的中小企業融資方式主要有以下12種：
一、綜合授信:
即銀行對一些經營狀況好、信用可靠的企業，授予一定時期內一定金額的信貸額度，企業在有效期與額度范圍內可以循環使用。綜合授信額度由企業一次性申報有關材料，銀行一次性審批。企業可以根據自己的營運情況分期用款，隨借隨還，企業借款十分方便，同時也節約了融資成本。銀行採用這種方式提供貸款，一般是對有工商登記、年檢合格、管理有方、信譽可靠、同銀行有較長期合作關系的企業。
二、信用擔保貸款:
目前在全國31個省、市中，已有100多個城市建立了中小企業信用擔保機構。這些機構大多實行會員制管理的形式，屬於公共服務性、行業自律性、自身非盈利性組織。擔保基金的來源，一般是由當地政府財政撥款、會員自願交納的會員基金、社會募集的資金、商業銀行的資金等幾部分組成。會員企業向銀行借款時，可以由中小企業擔保機構予以擔保。另外，中小企業還可以向專門開展中介服務的擔保公司尋求擔保服務。當企業提供不出銀行所能接受的擔保措施時，如抵押、質押或第三方信用保證人等，擔保公司卻可以解決這些難題。因為與銀行相比而言，擔保公司對抵押品的要求更為靈活。當然，擔保公司為了保障自己的利益，往往會要求企業提供反擔保措施，有時擔保公司還會派員到企業監控資金流動情況。
三、買方貸款：
如果企業的產品有可靠的銷路，但在自身資本金不足、財務管理基礎較差、可以提供的擔保品或尋求第三方擔保比較困難的情況下，銀行可以按照銷售合同，對其產品的購買方提供貸款支持。賣方可以向買方收取一定比例的預付款，以解決生產過程中的資金困難。或者由買方簽發銀行承兌匯票，賣方持匯票到銀行貼現。
四、異地聯合協作貸款：
有些中小企業產品銷路很廣，或者是為某些大企業提供配套零部件，或者是企業集團的鬆散型子公司。在生產協作產品過程中，需要補充生產資金，可以尋求一家主辦銀行牽頭，對集團公司統一提供貸款，再由集團公司對協作企業提供必要的資金，當地銀行配合進行合同監督。也可由牽頭銀行同異地協作企業的開戶銀行結合，分頭提供貸款。
五、項目開發貸款:
一些高科技中小企業如果擁有重大價值的科技成果轉化項目，初始投入資金數額比較大，企業自有資本難以承受，可以向銀行申請項目開發貸款。商業銀行對擁有成熟技術及良好市場前景的高新技術產品或專利項目的中小企業以及利用高新技術成果進行技術改造的中小企業，將會給予積極的信貸支持，以促進企業加快科技成果轉化的速度。對與高等院校、科研機構建立穩定項目開發關系或擁有自己研究部門的高科技中小企業，銀行除了提供流動資金貸款外，也可辦理項目開發貸款。
六、出口創匯貸款:
對於生產出口產品的企業，銀行可根據出口合同，或進口方提供的信用簽證，提供打包貸款。對有現匯賬戶的企業，可以提供外匯抵押貸款。對有外匯收入來源的企業，可以憑結匯憑證取得人民幣貸款。對出口前景看好的企業，還可以商借一定數額的技術改造貸款。
七、自然人擔保貸款:
2002年8月，中國工商銀行率先推出了自然人擔保貸款業務，今後工商銀行的境內機構，對中小企業辦理期限在3年以內信貸業務時，可以由自然人提供財產擔保並承擔代償責任。自然人擔保可採取抵押、權利質押、抵押加保證三種方式。可作抵押的財產包括個人所有的房產、土地使用權和交通運輸工具等。可作質押的個人財產包括儲蓄存單、憑證式國債和記名式金融債券。抵押加保證則是指在財產抵押的基礎上，附加抵押人的連帶責任保證。如果借款人未能按期償還全部貸款本息或發生其他違約事項，銀行將會要求擔保人履行擔保義務。
八、個人委託貸款:
中國建設銀行、民生銀行、中信實業銀行等商業銀行相繼推出了一項融資業務新品種--個人委託貸款。即由個人委託提供資金，由商業銀行根據委託人確定的貸款對象、用途、金額、期限、利率等，代為發放、監督、使用並協助收回的一種貸款。辦理個人委託貸款的基本程序是：1.由委託人向銀行提出放款申請。2.銀行根據雙方的條件和要求進行選擇配對，並分別向委託方和借款方推介。3.委託人和借款人雙方直接見面，就具體事項和細節如借款金額、利率、貸款期限、還款方式等進行洽談協商並作出決定。4.借貸雙方談妥要求條件之後，一起到銀行並分別與銀行簽訂委託協議。5.銀行對借貸人的資信狀況及還款能力進行調查並出具調查報告，然後借貸雙方簽訂借款合同並經銀行審批後發放貸款。
九、無形資產擔保貸款:
依據《中華人民共和國擔保法》的有關規定，依法可以轉讓的商標專用權、專利權、著作權中的財產權等無形資產都可以作為貸款質押物。
十、票據貼現融資:
票據貼現融資，是指票據持有人將商業票據轉讓給銀行，取得扣除貼現利息後的資金。在我國，商業票據主要是指銀行承兌匯票和商業承兌匯票。這種融資方式的好處之一是銀行不按照企業的資產規模來放款，而是依據市場情況(銷售合同)來貸款。企業收到票據至票據到期兌現之日，往往是少則幾十天，多則300天，資金在這段時間處於閑置狀態。企業如果能充分利用票據貼現融資，遠比申請貸款手續簡便，而且融資成本很低。票據貼現只需帶上相應的票據到銀行辦理有關手續即可，一般在3個營業日內就能辦妥，對於企業來說，這是「用明天的錢賺後天的錢」，這種融資方式值得中小企業廣泛、積極地利用。
十一、金融租賃:
金融租賃在經濟發達國家已經成為設備投資中僅次於銀行信貸的第二大融資方式。金融租賃是一種集信貸、貿易、租賃於一體，以租賃物件的所有權與使用權相分離為特徵的新型融資方式。設備使用廠家看中某種設備後，即可委託金融租賃公司出資購得，然後再以租賃的形式將設備交付企業使用。當企業在合同期內把租金還清後，最終還將擁有該設備的所有權。通過金融租賃，企業可用少量資金取得所需的先進技術設備，可以邊生產、邊還租金，對於資金缺乏的企業來說，金融租賃不失為加速投資、擴大生產的好辦法;就某些產品積壓的企業來說，金融租賃不失為促進銷售、拓展市場的好手段。
十二、典當融資:
典當是以實物為抵押，以實物所有權轉移的形式取得臨時性貸款的一種融資方式。與銀行貸款相比，典當貸款成本高、貸款規模小，但典當也有銀行貸款所無法相比的優勢。首先，與銀行對借款人的資信條件近乎苛刻的要求相比，典當行對客戶的信用要求幾乎為零，典當行只注重典當物品是否貨真價實。而且一般商業銀行只做不動產抵押，而典當行則可以動產與不動產質押二者兼為。
其次，到典當行典當物品的起點低，千元、百元的物品都可以當。與銀行相反，典當行更注重對個人客戶和中小企業服務。第三，與銀行貸款手續繁雜、審批周期長相比，典當貸款手續十分簡便，大多立等可取，即使是不動產抵押，也比銀行要便捷許多。第四，客戶向銀行借款時，貸款的用途不能超越銀行指定的范圍。而典當行則不問貸款的用途，錢使用起來十分自由。周而復始，大大提高了資金使用率
㈡ 中小企業融資途徑和對策的外文文獻及翻譯各兩篇
企業融來資按照期限來劃分自，可分為短期融資和長期融資。企業做融資期限決策，即在短期融資與長期融資兩種方式之間進行權衡時，做何種選擇，主要取決於融資的用途和融資人的風險性偏好。
從資金用途上來看，如果融資是用於企業流動資產，則根據流動資產具有周期快、易於變現、經營中所需補充數額較小及佔用時間短等特點，宜於選擇各種短期融資方式，如商業信用、短期貸款等；如果融資是用於長期投資或購置固定資產，則由於這類用途要求資金數額大、佔用時間長，因而適宜選擇各種長期融資方式，如長期貸款、企業內部積累、租賃融資、發行債券、股票等。
㈢ 求中小企業融資難外文參考文獻 2008年以後的
我可以提供給你中小企業融資難的一些文章分析，或許是造成融資難是否由於企業內部本身引起的一些分解，困為字數限制，具體你可以到英盛培訓網這個平台上面去找。
㈣ 求論文"中小企業融資困境及解決對策"的外文參考文獻和中文翻譯一篇
http://wenku..com/view/aa2b20eab8f67c1cfad6b8c7.html
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㈤ 急求中小企業融資的參考文獻 一定要著作類的 就是後面帶[D]
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[50]鄒鑫. 中小企業融資問題淺析[J]. 四川有色金屬,2009,(2).
㈥ 關於 中小企業融資難相關 的 外文著作或者文獻。。
SME financing in the UK and inChina: a comparative perspective
作者Javed Hussain, Cindy Millman and Harry Matlay UCE Business School, Birmingham, UK
我也是今年的畢業生 我覺得這個還可以 你要看的話 可以把他全選中 用有道詞典翻譯下 節選就可以了
㈦ 急求關於中小企業融資的外文參考文獻
研究中小企業融資要參考的英文文獻
英文圖書和期刊類文獻：
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㈧ 有沒有人能給我提供點中小企業融資方面的英文文獻
Business Loan 101
Essentials of Small Business Loan
From Naurys Marte, for About.com
As a small business owner, your most difficult task is finding the money to operate your business. Taking the necessary steps to prepare for a small business loan can minimize the difficulty. Learn what you need to know to clinch the loan deal.
Banks and other lending institutions cite risk factors as their main reason for turning down small business loan requests from startup businesses. Yet, you can still get a loan for your business by proper preparation.
Avoid the common error of thinking you can start with grants from the government and community agencies. It is even more unlikely than getting the money from your own savings, family, friends, or a bank.
The main requirements of attaining a small business loan are your personal credit history, business plan, experience, ecation, and feasibility of the business you are starting or expanding.
The most important task to obtain a small business loan is preparing a business plan. The business plan needs to show the lender that providing you with a small business loan is a low-risk proposition. Your business plan must answer the questions a lending institution would ask. These questions usually are:
How much money do you need?
If you are starting a business, this should be included at least in the start-up capital estimate. Accuracy is important, so request enough money to invest wisely.
What are you going to do with the money?
You will have to provide, in detail, the designated use of every dollar requested. A small business loan is often needed for: operations (new employees, marketing, etc.), assets (equipment, real estate, etc.), or to pay off business debts.
When will you repay the small business loan?
Explain in detail how this small business loan will serve as a stepping-stone for your business. You will need to convince the lender (with your financial statements and cash flow projections) that you are able to repay the loan through the expected long-term profitability of your business.
What will you do if you don't get the loan?
Let lenders know that rejection will not discourage you from starting or growing your business. You want to portray a confident and determined personality and you will try lender after lender until you receive the money you need to get your business moving.
As a small business owner, you will need a certain degree of fortitude. Be confident and proud of your venture. Let lenders know you are in control and know what's best for you and your business. Understand that lending institutions need to make loans. But if you don't get one, don't get discouraged. Ask the lender why you didn't get the small business loan. Learn from the answer, move on, and try other lenders.
The Women's Venture Fund is a resource for women in business who need money and training to expand their venture for New York or New Jersey businesses. To learn more about the Women's Venture Fund call 212-563-0499 or visit www.womensventurefund.org.
Small Business Loan Resources
Getting a Small Business LoanSmall Business Banking 101New Rules of Small Business Financing
Small Business Information Resources
Email Guide: Darrell ZahorskyArticles Reprint PermissionSubmit Articles to Small Business
Related Articles
* Getting A Small Business Loan - Making A Winning Business Loan Presentation
* How To Get A Small Business Loan
* Get a Business Loan - How to Apply for a Small Business Loan
* Before You Apply for a Business Loan
* Business Loans - Preparation for Application for Business Loans
㈨ 急求有關中小企業融資問題的外文文獻
提供一些有關中小企業融資問題的外文文獻，供寫作參考。
[1] Allen N Berger, Gregory F Udell. The Economics of Small Business Finance:The Role of Private Equity and Debt Markets in Financial Growth Cycle .Journal of Banking and Finance, 1998, (22) .
[2] Modigliani, F, and Miller, M. h. The cost of capital, corporate finance and the theory of investment .American Economic Review, 1958, (6) :261-297 .
[3] Mallick, R,&Chakrabotty, A. Credit gap in small business: Some New Evidence[J] .Working Paper from Econpapers. 2002, .
[4] OECD. A Framework for the Development and Financing of Dynamic Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Turkey .2005,7, (7) .
[5] Peterson, M,Rajan, R.G. The Benefits of firmcreditor relationship: Evidence from small business data .Journal of Finance, 1994, (49) :3-37 .
[6] SBA. White Paper of Small Business Administration(1998-2000) .the US Government Printing Office, .
[7] Kane,E.J. Accelerating inflation,technological innovation,and the decreasing effectiveness of banking regulation .The Journal of Finance36,355-367. 1981, .
[8] Goss D. Small Business and Society .Routledge. 1991, .
[9] Samuelson L. Evolutionary Games and Equilibrium Selec-tion[M] .1997, .
㈩ 急求關於中小企業融資問題的英文文獻
Small Business Loan 101
Essentials of Small Business Loan
From Naurys Marte, for About.com
As a small business owner, your most difficult task is finding the money to operate your business. Taking the necessary steps to prepare for a small business loan can minimize the difficulty. Learn what you need to know to clinch the loan deal.
Banks and other lending institutions cite risk factors as their main reason for turning down small business loan requests from startup businesses. Yet, you can still get a loan for your business by proper preparation.
Avoid the common error of thinking you can start with grants from the government and community agencies. It is even more unlikely than getting the money from your own savings, family, friends, or a bank.
The main requirements of attaining a small business loan are your personal credit history, business plan, experience, ecation, and feasibility of the business you are starting or expanding.
The most important task to obtain a small business loan is preparing a business plan. The business plan needs to show the lender that providing you with a small business loan is a low-risk proposition. Your business plan must answer the questions a lending institution would ask. These questions usually are:
How much money do you need?
If you are starting a business, this should be included at least in the start-up capital estimate. Accuracy is important, so request enough money to invest wisely.
What are you going to do with the money?
You will have to provide, in detail, the designated use of every dollar requested. A small business loan is often needed for: operations (new employees, marketing, etc.), assets (equipment, real estate, etc.), or to pay off business debts.
When will you repay the small business loan?
Explain in detail how this small business loan will serve as a stepping-stone for your business. You will need to convince the lender (with your financial statements and cash flow projections) that you are able to repay the loan through the expected long-term profitability of your business.
What will you do if you don't get the loan?
Let lenders know that rejection will not discourage you from starting or growing your business. You want to portray a confident and determined personality and you will try lender after lender until you receive the money you need to get your business moving.
As a small business owner, you will need a certain degree of fortitude. Be confident and proud of your venture. Let lenders know you are in control and know what's best for you and your business. Understand that lending institutions need to make loans. But if you don't get one, don't get discouraged. Ask the lender why you didn't get the small business loan. Learn from the answer, move on, and try other lenders.
The Women's Venture Fund is a resource for women in business who need money and training to expand their venture for New York or New Jersey businesses. To learn more about the Women's Venture Fund call 212-563-0499 or visit www.womensventurefund.org.
Small Business Loan Resources
Getting a Small Business LoanSmall Business Banking 101New Rules of Small Business Financing
Small Business Information Resources
Email Guide: Darrell ZahorskyArticles Reprint PermissionSubmit Articles to Small Business
Related Articles
* Getting A Small Business Loan - Making A Winning Business Loan Presentation
* How To Get A Small Business Loan
* Get a Business Loan - How to Apply for a Small Business Loan
* Before You Apply for a Business Loan
* Business Loans - Preparation for Application for Business Loans