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融资并购论文

发布时间:2021-04-18 06:36:07

① 谁能给我一份并购融资的英文文献啊,急!!!!

Automatically translated text:
The definition of lease financing
Finance leases (Financial Leasing) also known as the Equipment Leasing (Equipment Leasing), or modern leasing (Modern Leasing), and is essentially transfer ownership of the assets of all or most of the risks and rewards of the lease. The ultimate ownership of assets to be transferred, or may not transfer.

It refers to the specific content of the lessee to the lessor under the lease object and the specific requirements of the supplier selection, vendor financing to purchase rental property, and the use of leased to a lessee, the lessee to the lessor to pay instalments rent, the lease term lease ownership of objects belonging to the lessor of all, the tenant has the right to use the leased items. Term expired, and finished the lessee to pay rent under the lease contract financing to fulfil obligations in full, leasing objects that vesting ownership of all the lessee. Despite the finance lease transactions, the lessors have the identity of the purchase of equipment, but the substantive content of the purchase of equipment suppliers such as the choice of the specific requirements of the equipment, the conditions of the purchase contract negotiations by the lessee enjoy and exercise, lessee leasing object is essentially the purchaser. , Is a finance lease extension of loans and trade and technology updates in the new integrated financial instry. Because of its extension of loans and combination of features, there is a problem in leasing companies can recycling, treatment of leasing, and so the financing for the enterprise credit and secured the main requirement, it is very suitable for SME financing. In addition, the leasing of sheet financing, not reflected in the financial statements of the enterprise liability, does not affect the credit status of enterprises. This multi-channel financing needs of SMEs in terms of it is very beneficial.

Leasing and financing lease of a traditional nature of the difference is: traditional lease to the tenant leasing the use of objects of the time rent, and finance lease financing costs to the tenant occupying the time of rental. The market economy develops to a certain stage and the adaptation of a strong financing, in the 1950s in the United States have a new type of trading, as it adapted to the requirements of modern economic development, in the 60 to 70 the rapid development in the world, and today has become a business update equipment one of the main means of financing, known as the "sunrise instry." China in the early 1980s after the introction of this operational modalities for over 10 years has been the rapid development, compared with developed countries, the advantages of leasing is far from being played out, the market potential is huge.

[Edit] the main characteristics of the leasing
The main characteristics of the leasing is: the ownership of objects as leasing is the lessor in order to control the risk of the tenant rent reimbursement taken a form of ownership, at the end of the contract could eventually be transferred to the lessee, the lease purchase items from lease people choose, maintenance from the tenant responsible for the lessor to provide financial services only. Rent calculation principles are: to lease the lessor objects based on the purchase price, occupied by the lessee to the lessor of funds based on time, according to a mutually agreed rental rates. It is essentially dependent on the traditional leasing financial transactions, is a special kind of financial instruments.

[Edit] the type of lease financing
1. Simple financing lease

Financing lease is a simple, by the lessee choose to purchase the rental property, the lessor on the lease project through risk assessment after the rental lease to the lessee the use of objects. Throughout the lease period the lessee does not enjoy the right to use the title, and is responsible for repair and maintenance of leasing objects. The lessor's lease is good or bad thing without any liability, equipment depreciation in the tenant side.

2. Leveraged lease financing

Leveraged leasing practices similar to syndicated loans, is a specialized leasing to large-scale projects with the tax benefits of lease financing, mainly led by a leasing company as a trunk, and for the lease of a very large project financing. First set up a leasing company from the operation of the main institutions - a project-based fund management company set up projects to provide more than 20% of the total amount of funds, and the remaining part was the main source of funds banks and social absorb idle idle funds, the use of 100 percent enjoy low tax benefits "in the eight Bo" leverage for the leasing project large amount of funds. The remaining financing and leasing practices are basically the same, but because of the complexity of the contract covers a wide range and even greater. As can enjoy tax benefits, operating norms, comprehensive benefits, and recovery of rent safe, low-cost, and are generally used for aircraft, ships, communications equipment and large complete sets of equipment lease financing.

3. Commissioned by the Financial Leasing

Is a way to have the funds or equipment entrusted to non-bank financial institutions in the financing lease, the lessor is also the first client, the second is the trustee of the lessor at the same time. The lessor to accept the client's money or lease of the subject matter, according to the client's written by the client designated for the lessee of the leasing business. In the subject of the lease term lease of the property of the client, the lessor only charges, not to take risks. Such leasing commissioned a major characteristic is not to lease the right to operate the enterprise, "by the right" business. E-commerce is on the lease by lease rental as a business platform.

The second is the lessor or lessee commissioned by the lease purchase of a third person, the lessor under the contract to pay the purchase price, also known as commissioned by the lease purchase financing.

4. Project finance leasing

Lessee to project their own property and to ensure efficiency, and the lessor signed a finance lease contract, the lessor to the lessee of the property and other projects without recourse to the proceeds, we can only rent charged to the project's cash flow and profitability to determine. The seller (that is leasing goods manufacturers) through their holding leasing companies to promote their procts in this way, and expand market share. Communications equipment, medical equipment, transportation equipment, or even the right to operate highway can be used this way. Others, including the return of leasing, also known as sale and leaseback financing leasing; financing to leasing, also known as the financing to leasing.

[Edit] the risk of lease financing
Finance leases from the risk of many uncertain factors, is multifaceted and interrelated, in the full understanding of the operational activities of the characteristics of various risks can be comprehensive, scientific analysis of risks to formulate corresponding measures. The risk of financing leasing main categories as follows:

(1) proct market risks. In the market environment, regardless of the financing lease, loan or investment, as long as the funds used to purchase equipment or to carry out technological transformation, first of all, should consider leasing equipment procts market risks, which need to know to sell the procts, market share rate and occupancy, proct trends in the development of the market, the consumption structure and the mentality of the consumers and consumption capacity. If these factors are not fully understand, the survey are not careful, and may increase the market risk.

(2) financial risks. For the leasing of a financial nature, financial risks throughout the entire business activities. The lessor, the biggest risk is that the lessee is also rent capacity, it has a direct impact on the operation of leasing companies and survival, therefore, the risk of also rent from the project began, it should be cause for concern.

Currency also have risks, especially international payments, methods of payment, payment date, time, the remittance channels and means of payment options improperly, will increase the risk.

(3) Trade risk. For the leasing of a trade properties, the risks of trade negotiations to orders from the acceptance testing there is a risk. The merchandise trade in the modern development of a relatively complete, the community is also supporting the establishment of corresponding institutions and preventive measures, such as a letter of credit, transport insurance, commodity inspection, commercial arbitration and the risk of credit counseling have taken precautions and remedial measures, but because people's awareness and understanding of the risks of different degrees, and some means of a commercial nature, coupled with the inexperience of the management of enterprises and other factors, all of these instruments have not been used, making trade risk still exists.

(4) technical risks. One of the benefits of lease financing before other enterprises is the introction of advanced technology and equipment. In the actual course of the operation, or advanced technology, advanced technology is mature, mature technology for the legal rights and interests of others, is an important risk a technical reasons. Serious, e to technical problems so that equipment in a state of paralysis. Other risks include the economic environment, force majeure, and so on.

[Edit] the accounting treatment of lease financing
[Edit], the tenant on the accounting treatment of lease financing
1, the start of the lease accounting treatment

At the start of the lease, the tenant will usually be the start of the lease rental assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the lower of the two leased assets as recorded value of the minimum lease payments as a long-term payables recorded value, and the difference between the two records is not recognised financing costs. However, if the assets of the leasing assets of the enterprise small proportion of the total, the tenant may be the start of the lease in the minimum lease payment records of assets and long-term rent payments. This time, the "proportional" not usually refers to fixed assets financed by leasing the lessee total assets total less than 30% (including 30%). Under such circumstances, rent for the financing of long-term assets and the determination of the amount e, the tenant may, at its option, which can be used minimum lease payments, and can also be used leasing assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the two in the lower. Then what "leasing the original book value of assets" refers to the start of the lease rental, as reflected in the accounts, the book value of the leased asset.

Lessee in the calculation of the minimum lease payments at the current value, if the lessor that the interest rate implicit in the lease, the lessor should be used as the interest rate implicit in the discount rate, otherwise, shall be stipulated in the lease contract interest rate as the discount rate . If the lessor's interest rate implicit in the lease and rental rates stipulated in the contract are not available, it should be used over the same period interest rates on bank loans as the discount rate. Which is implicit in the lease rates, in the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments and the present value of the unsecured portion of the resial value of the current value of assets and equivalent to the original book value of the discount rate.

2, the initial direct costs of the accounting treatment

Initial direct costs refer to the lease negotiations and the signing of the lease agreement occurred in the course of the lease can be directly attributable to the cost of the project. Lessee in the initial direct costs usually have stamp ty, commission, attorney fees, travel expenses, such as the costs of negotiations. Lessee in the initial direct costs should be recognised as an expense in the current period. Accounts for its handling: debit "management fees" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.

3, no finance charge assessed

In the finance lease, the lessee to the lessor to pay the rent, include the repayment of principal and interest in two parts. Lessee to pay rent, on the one hand to rece long-term payables, on the other hand, while not confirmed by the leasing costs for a certain method to confirm the current financing costs, the first rent (that is, initially matching each rental payment) Under the circumstances, the lease term is the first phase of rent paid no interest, should only rece the long-term payments, not to confirm the current financing costs.

Not sharing in the finance costs, the lessee should be used to calculate certain way. According to the guidelines, the lessee can be used in real interest rates, the straight-line method can also be used and the number of years of combined law. In using the effective interest method, in accordance with the inception of the lease is a lease assets and liabilities are recorded based on the value of different financing costs assessment rate options are also different. No finance charge assessed specific divided into the following types:

(1), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments accounted for the present value of value to the investor and the interest rate implicit in the lease for the discount rate. Under such circumstances, investors should be the interest rate implicit in the lease for the assessment rate.

(2), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments for the present value of recorded value, and to lease contract provides for the interest rate as the discount rate. In such circumstances, should be stipulated in the lease contract as the rate of assessment rates.

(3), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist resial value guarantees and preferential purchase right to choose. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. Financing cost-sharing rate refers to the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments equal to the present value of lease assets in the original book value of the discount rate. In the lessee or related to the leased asset resial value of the third-party security situation, and the similar, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.

(4), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist guaranteed resial value, but there is preferential option to purchase. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. At the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.

(5), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset value accounted for, and the existence of the lessee guaranteed resial value.

Under such circumstances, the cost-sharing should be re-financing rate. Related to the lessee or third parties on the resial value of leased assets as security has been provided or not at the end of the lease renewal and to pay a penalty of circumstances, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to the guaranteed resial value, or to be paid by the breach.

Lessee shall pay each of the rent shall be the amount of rent paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," subjects, credited to "bank" subjects, if payment of rent, which includes compliance costs, At the same time debit should be "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects. At the same time should be recognized in accordance with the current amount of the finance charge, debit "financial costs" subjects, credited the "no finance charge" subjects.

4, the leased asset depreciation Provision

Tenants should finance the lessee Provision for depreciation of fixed assets, should address two main issues:

(1), depreciation policy

Provision for asset depreciation, lease, the tenant should be its own assets Provision line depreciation method. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset security has been provided, should be credited for the amount of depreciation on fixed assets, and the inception of the lease accounting resial value after decting the value of the balance. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset resial value of the security has been provided, the total amount of depreciation should be credited for the start of the lease value of fixed assets recorded.

(2), the depreciation period

Identify the leased asset depreciation period, should be in accordance with the lease contract. If reasonable certainty that the lessee at the end of the lessee will obtain ownership of the leased asset, the lessee can be identified with all of the assets of the remaining useful life, and should therefore be the start of the lease to lease the remaining useful life of assets as depreciation period; If you can not reasonably determine whether the lease to the lessee at the end of the lease ownership of the assets to be made to the lease period and the remaining useful life of the leased asset in the shorter of the two as the depreciation period.

5, the accounting treatment of compliance costs

Many types of compliance costs, rent for the financing of fixed assets improved expenditure, technical advice and service charges, fees should be increased staff training credited to the extension of sharing costs, debit "long-term prepaid expenses," and "accrued expenses" , "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects, the fixed assets regular maintenance, insurance, etc. can be directly charged to expense in the current period, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank deposits, "wait until the subjects.

6, or the accounting treatment of rent

Since the rent or the amount of uncertainty, unable to adopt a rational approach to its system for sharing, in the actual event, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.

7, at the end of the lease accounting treatment

At the end of lease, the tenant on the lease is usually the disposition of the assets of three circumstances:

(1), the return of the leased asset. Debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," and "accumulated depreciation" subjects, credited "fixed assets - fixed assets financed by leasing all" subjects.

(2), renewable lease concession assets. If the lessee to exercise the right to choose renewable concession, the lease shall be deemed to have been made the presence of the corresponding accounting treatment. If no expiry of renewal, to the lessor under the lease contract to pay a penalty, debit "operating expenses" subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.

(3), stay purchase the leased asset. In the lessee enjoy preferential purchase right to choose, purchase price paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance lease," credited "bank" and other subjects at the same time, will be fixed assets from "all fixed assets financed by leasing" Details Details of the other subjects into subjects.

因字数有限就无法翻译成中文了

② 并购融资怎么做

并购融资是任何企业要进行生产经营活动都需要有适量的资金,而通过各种途径和相应手段取得这些资金的过程称之为融资。
(一)杠杆收购融资
杠杆收购。并购企业以目标公司的资产作抵押,向银行或投资者融资来对目标公司进行收购,待收购成功后再以目标公司的未来收益或出售目标公司部分资产偿还本息。杠杆收购融资不同于其它负债融资方式,杠杆收购融资主要依靠目标公司被并购后产生的经营收益或者出售部分资产进行偿还负债,而其它负债融资主要由并购企业的自有资金或其他资产偿还。通常,并购企业用于并购活动的自有资金只占并购总价的15%左右,其余大部分资金通过银行贷款及发行债券解决,因此,杠杆收购具有高杠杆性和高风险性特征。杠杆收购融资对缺乏大量并购资金的企业来说,可以借助于外部融资,通过达到“双赢”促成企业完成并购。
(二)信托融资
信托融资并购是由信托机构向投资者融资购买并购企业能够产生现金流的信托财产,并购企业则用该信托资金完成对目标公司的收购。信托融资具有筹资能力强和筹资成本较低的特点。根据中国人民银行2002年发布的《信托投资公司管理办法》规定,信托公司筹集的信托资金总余额上限可达30亿元人民币,从而可以很好地解决融资主体对资金的大量需求。由于信托机构所提供的信用服务,降低了融资企业的前期筹资费用,信托融资降低了融资企业的资本成本,信托融资就有利于并购企业完成收购目标公司。
(三)换股并购融资
换股并购是指并购企业将目标公司的股票按照一定比例换成并购企业的股票,目标公司被终止或成为并购公司的子公司。换股并购通常分为三种情况:增资换股、库存股换股、母公司与子公司交叉持股。换股并购融资对并购企业来说不需要支付大量现金,不会挤占公司的营运资金,相对于现金并购支付而言成本也有所降低。换股并购对我国上市公司实现并购具有重要的促进作用。
(四)认股权证融资
认股权证是一种衍生金融产品,它是由上市公司发行的,能够在有效期内(通常为3-10年)赋予持有者按事先确定的价格购买该公司发行一定数量新股权利的证明文件。通常,上市公司发行认股权证时将其与股票、债券等一起发行,通过给予原流通股股东的一定补偿,提高了股票、债券等融资工具对投资者的吸引力,这样有助于顺利实现上市公司融资的目的。因此,发行认股权证对需要大量融资的并购企业来说可成功达到筹资的目标。

③ 写融资风险并购的论文什么案例好写一些

一、周密思考,慎重落笔
论文提纲论文是一项“系统工程”,在正式动笔之前,要对文章进行通盘思考,检查一下各项准备工作是否已完全就绪。首先,要明确主题。主题是文章的统帅,动笔之前必须想得到十分清楚。清人刘熙载说:“凡作一篇文,其用意俱可以一言蔽之。扩之则为千万言,约之则为一言,所谓主脑者是也。”(《艺概》)作者要想一想,自己文章的主题能否用一句话来概括。主题不明,是绝对不能动手写文的。其次,是理清思路。思路是人订]思想前进的脉络、轨道,是结构的内在依据。动笔之前,对怎样提出问题,怎样分析问题,怎样解决问题,以及使用哪些材料等,都要想清楚。第三,立定格局。所谓“格局”,就是全文的间架、大纲、轮廓。在动笔之前先把它想好“立定”,如全文分几部分,各有哪些层次,先说什么,后说什么,哪里该详,哪里该略,从头至尾都应有个大致的设想。第四,把需要的材料准备好,将各种事实、数据、引文等找来放在手头,以免到用时再去寻找,打断思路。第五,安排好写作时间、地点。写作要有相对集中的时间,比较安静的环境,才能集中精力专心致志地完成毕业论文写作任务。
古人说:“袖手于前,方能疾书于后。”鲁迅也曾说,静观默察,烂熟于心;凝神结想,一挥而就。做好了充分的准备,写起来就会很快。有的人不重视写作前的准备,对所写的对象只有一点粗浅的认识就急于动笔,在写作过程中“边施工边设计”,弄得次序颠倒,手忙脚乱,或做或掇,时断时续,结果反而进展缓慢。所以,在起草之前要周密思考,慎重落笔。
二、一气呵成,不重“小节”
在动笔之前要做好充分的准备,一旦下笔之后,则要坚持不懈地一口气写下去,务必在最短时间内拿出初稿。这是许多文章家的写作诀窍。有的人写文章喜欢咬文嚼字,边写边琢磨词句,遇到想不起的字也要停下来查半天字典。这样写法,很容易把思路打断。其实,初稿不妨粗一些,材料或文字方面存在某些缺陷,只要无关大局。暂时不必去改动它,等到全部初稿写成后,再来加工不迟。鲁迅就是这样做的,他在《致叶紫》的信中说:
先前那样十步九回头的作文法,是很不对的,这就是在不断的不相信自己——结果一定做不成。以后应该立定格局之后,一直写下去,不管修辞,也不要回头看。等到成后,搁它几天,然后再来复看,删去若干,改换几字。在创作的途中,一面炼字,真要把感兴打断的。我翻译时,倘想不到适当的字,就把这些字空起来,仍旧译下去,这字待稍暇时再想。
否则,能因为一个字,停到大半天。这是鲁迅的经验之谈,对我们写毕业论文也极有启发。
三、行于所当行,止于所当止
北宋大文学家苏拭在谈到他的散文写作时说:“吾文如万斜泉涌,不择地而出。在乎地,滔滔汩汩,虽一日干里无难;及其与山石曲折,随地赋形而不可知也。所可知者,常行于所当行,常止于不可不止,如是而已矣。”(《文说》)苏拭是唐宋八大散文家之一,作文如行云流水,有神出鬼没之妙,旁人不可企及。但他总结的“行于所当行,止于所不可不止”,则带有一定的普遍性。
“行于所当行”,要求作者在写作时,该说的一定要说清楚,不惜笔墨。如一篇文章的有关背景,一段事情的来龙去脉,一种事物的性质特征等,如果是读者所不熟悉的,就应该在文章中讲清楚,交代明白,不能任意苟简,而使文意受到损害,以致出现不周密、不翔实的缺陷。
“止于所不能不止”,就是说,不该写的,一字也不可多写,要“惜墨如金”。如果情之所至,任意挥洒,不加节制,也不肯割爱,势必造成枝蔓横生,冗长拖杏,甚至出现“下笔千言,离题万里”的毛病。

④ 关于浅析负债融资的财务风险与对策的毕业论文怎么写

企业负债融资的财务风险主要表现在以下方面:1.负债压力的增加。如果企业采用负债融资的方式来支付并购成本,其可能的风险有三,①高昂的利息支出;②债务契约限制给企业带来的机会损失;③未来还款的压力。负债成本的增加,其后果是将导致企业资产负债率不断扩大,它会大大增加企业出现财务危机或破产的可能性。2.控制股权的稀释。如果企业采用股票融资的方式来支付并购成本,其可能的风险是将导致企业原发性股东的股权稀释,其后果是这些股东(包括企业本身)将部分或全部失去剩余收益的控制权或索取权。3.业绩水平的波动。业绩水平的波动既指企业税息前利润(EBIT)水平的变化,也包括每股收益(EPS)的激烈波动。在负债融资下,EBIT的变化会引起EPS的更大程度的波动,从而增加企业出现财务危机或破产的可能性。业绩波动是一个极其不好的讯号,可能会给企业带来各种机会损失(如信誉损失)。4.投资机会的丧失。企业负债融资不仅可能给企业增加巨额的债务,而且可能会消耗企业大量的自有资本。在这种情形下,企业即使面临良好的投资机会,也只能望而却步。投资机会的失去,其后果是可能会降低企业获取收益的能力,进而增加企业的财务风险。5.现金存量的短缺。企业在负债融资时可能会大量消耗企业的货币资金,即使企业净资产很丰厚,但也可能会由于现金存量的不足引发各种问题,从而增加企业出现财务危机的可能性。二、企业负债融资的财务风险的识别方法为了更好地防范负债融资的财务风险,其核心前提在于先预先识别各种财务风险,其常用方法主要包括以下几种:1.杠杆法。杠杆分析法是狭义的财务风险的衡量方法。主要通过计算杠杆系数来初步识别财务风险水平的高低,其指标包括财务杠杆系数和资产负债率。DFL=EBIT/(EBIT-I)=△EPS/△EBIT其中:I为利息支出;DFL指财务杠杆系数,它反映企业的税息前利润(EBIT)的变化所引起的每股收益(EPS)的更大波动程度。DFL越大,说明企业的财务风险越高。RLA(资产负债率)是衡量企业财务风险健康状况的核心指标。RLA越高,说明企业的财务风险越高,当RLA大于50%,一般认为企业的财务风险水平较高,当RLA接近100%水平时,说明企业的财务风险到了濒临破产的水平。2.EPS法。 EPS分析法主要衡量负债融资前后购买企业每股收益的预期变化,它属于广义上财务风险的衡量方法。EPS=[(EBIT-I)(1-t)]/Q其中:EPS为企业每股收益;I为利息支出;t为加权所得税率;Q为发行在外的股票总数。当负债融资之后的EPS大于负债融资前的EPS时,说明企业负债融资决策行为是合理的,反之,则是不合理的。3.股权稀释法。股权稀释法主要比较负债融资前后原发股东股权结构的变动情况。它属于广义的并购财务风险的衡量指标。RIE=(Q0+Q1)/(Q0+Q1+Q2)RIE是股权稀释率,它反映企业原始股东所控制的具有表决权的股票数量占总的具有表决权的股票数量的比率其中:Q0为负债融资前企业的原始股东所持有的具有表决权的股票数量;Q1为负债融资时企业的原始股东所增持的新发行的具有表决权的股票数量;Q2为负债融资时企业的新股东所持有新发行的具有表决权的股票数量。当负债融资前后的RIE发生激烈变化,说明负债融资行为将给企业的原始投资者带来巨大的股权稀释的风险。如果发行新股后的RIE小于50%,说明股权稀释的财务风险较高,反之,说明股权稀释的财务风险较低。4.成本收益法。成本收益分析法指比较负债融资的成本与收益水平。它属于广义负债融资的财务风险的衡量方法。RCR=C/RRCR为企业负债融资成本收益率其中:R为负债融资的预期收益。它包括成本节约、分散风险、较早地利用生产能力、取得无形资产和实现协同效应,以及免税优惠等预期收益;C为负债融资的预期成本。它包括直接的购买支出、增加利息、发行费用及佣金和管制成本,以及各种机会损失(如留存收益消耗的机会成本和丧失好的投资机会的损失)。当RCR小于1时,说明预期收益大于预计成本,则负债融资行为是合理的,反之依然。5.现金存量法。指比较负债融资前后企业预计的现金存量水平,看现金水平是否最佳及安全。常用的方法是计算现金流动资产率和现金总资产率。现金流动资产率:RCCA=C/CA现金总资产率: RCA=C/A其中:C为企业广义现金存量,包括库存现金、银行存款和短期投资等;CA为企业的流动资产;A为企业的总资产。负债融资买后的RCCA和RCA越低,说明企业面临的现金短缺的财务风险越高,反之亦然。6.模型法。模型分析法指借助于统计学和数学的模型构建来总体判断负债融资财务风险的方法。最常见的方式是建立回归分析模型,以识别企业是否面临的过高财务风险。财务风险水平CR=a0+a1X1+a2x2+a3x3+…+anxn+E其中:a0、a1、a2、a3,…,an为系数值;X1、x2、x3,,…,xn为各种财务风险因素;E为残差模型分析法它事先可以根据历史数据来估计一个衡量财务风险的标准值(CR0)。当企业负债融资后预期CR大于CR0,则说明企业的财务风险很高,反之亦然。三、负债融资财务风险的控制对策在识别了负债融资的各种财务风险之后,企业应该采取各种有效对策来减少或消除财务危机及破产发生的可能性,其对策有三:1.接受风险。如果负债融资可能短期会给企业带来诸如资产负债率上升、企业股权稀释和投资机会丧失,以及业绩水平波动等风险,但是从长远来看,负债融资目标企业或许具有战略意义,诸如可以得到协同效应等。如果负债融资后的预期收益高于预期成本,则企业可以作出负债融资目标企业的战略决策。除此之外,企业还应建立以下风险管理制度:一是风险基金的设立。包括坏账准备和减值准备等;二是配备专门人员对财务风险进行预测、分析、报告;三是风险分析技术的运用,例如实时财务风险预警系统等。2.转移风险。转移风险指企业借助与其他企业或个人的合资、合营等方式,将部分或全部财务风险转移给他人承担的策略。企业转移风险的方式很多,可以根据不同的风险原因采用不同的风险转移政策。3.避免风险。避免风险指如果企业有多种负债融资方案可以选择,则可以放弃财务风险较高的负债融资方案。例如,当企业负债融资的预期收益远远低于并购成本,或者导致资产负债率水平剧增,以及每股收益水平严重下滑,则应放弃该负债融资方案,另行考虑其他合理方案。

⑤ 求:就企业并购的一个环节写一篇论文

关于企业并购的财务问题及其对策探析
论文关键词:企业并购 财务可行性因素 财务问题 对策
论文摘要:并购作为企业资本运营的一个重要手段,对企业发展有着重要的现实意义企业并 购过程中涉及到许多财务问题.而财务问题的解决是企业并购成功的关键因此.必须对目标企业价值进行合理评估、对并购的主要融资渠道及财务支付方式进行研究。
上个世纪80年代美国曾经出现所谓“并购风”.在90年代形成愈演愈烈之势1990年.全球企业并购案所涉及的金额超过4640亿美元:1998年这个数字猛增到25.000亿美元,而在2004年,该数字更达到创纪录的10万亿美元。美国著名企业管理机构科尔尼公司多年的统计数据显示.只有2O%的并购案例能够实现最初的设想.大部分的并购都以失败告终。值得注意的是.中国的一些顶尖企业却能够冒着巨大的风险知难而上.例如海尔集团并购案例、联想集团收购IBM的PC业务等。并购作为一种市场经济条件下的企业行为.在西方国家已经有100多年的发展史.并有着深刻的政治、经济等诸多方面的原因。企业并购的浪潮正向全球化推进.对我国经济造成巨大的冲击和影响。
一、企业并购的概念、动因和目的
企业并购是企业兼并与收购活动的总称兼并是指两个或更多的企业组合在一起,其中一个企业保持其原有名称.而其他企业不再以法律实体形式存在收购是指一个企业以购买全部或部分股票(或称为股份收购)的方式购买了另一个企业的全部或部分所有权.或者以购买全部或部分资产(或称资产收购)的方式购买另一企业的全部或部分所有权。企业并购最直接的动因和目的主要有以下三方面:一是为了扩大资产。抢占市场份额:二是取得廉价原料和劳动力,进行低成本竞争;三是通过收购转产.跨人新的行业。当然并购有时也与以上目的无关,如可能仅仅为当龙头老大或是盲目追求企业扩张等等。
二、企业并购的财务可行性因素
企业成功并购需要从目标选择.到对目标公司的评价.再到对企业财务活动进行全面的规划.并加以有效的控制对企业并购的财务可行性因素进行准确而又具体的分析.就会为并购的成功奠定稳固的基石。
(一)目标企业的选择及其价值评估
在对目标企业进行价值评估时要将上市公司和非上市公司分别对待。对于目标上市公司的价值评估可以采用:1.收益分析法。就是以市盈率和每股收益为基础,是一种短期分析。2.市场模型。这种模型把一种股票的收益与综合市场指数联系起来,在一定时期内.某种股票收益可能随着市场收益线形变化。3.资本资产定价模型是描述包括上市股票在内的各种证券的风险与收益之间关系的模型。
对于目标非上市公司的价值评估可以采用:1.资产价值基础法。目前国际上通行的资产评估价值标准主要有:帐面价值;市场价值;清算价值;公平价值;续营价值。以上五种资产评估价值标准的侧重点各有差异.因而其使用范围也不尽相同。2.收益法。就是根据目标企业的收益和市盈率确定其价值的方法。3.贴现现金流量法。这种方法对于目标上市公司和目标非上市公司同时适用。
(二)并购的资金筹措
并购往往需要大量的资金,少则百万.多则上亿美元.并购使得企业产生规模巨大的现金流出.不同于正常的经营资金需求,靠企业自身的力量也是远远不够的.因此能否筹集到并购所需要的大量资金成为企业并购的重要前提.也是并购能否实施的关键。并购资金的筹措主要有内部和外部两大渠道,主要有债券支付、杠杆收购支付、股票支付或交换等方式。
(三)并购的成本因素
企业并购的成本主要包括:1.并购完成成本.指在并购过程中发生的直接成本和间接成本2.并购整合成本.指并购后为使并购企业和被并购企业整合在一起.而需要支付的长期营运成本。3.并购退出成本.指在并购时应该考虑到,并购并不一定成功.一个企业在实施并购外部扩张时,还必须考虑到一旦扩张不成功如何以最低代价撤退的成本问题。4.并购机会成本,指并购活动占用的资金.投入到其他用途所可能获得的收益如果并购活动的机会成本很高.就意味着并购获得的相对收益很小.甚至是相对损失。在对企业并购进行成本分析时.要围绕企业降低成本的要求进行。还要考虑全面、详细.以免在分析时有所疏漏.造成具体实施时成本过高.进而不能达到企业并购的目的。
(四)企业并购的风险因素
企业并购是一项风险很大的活动.投资就必然有风险.如果风险在企业能够承受的范围内.那么投资并购行为就可以进行:相反,就应该适时放弃。
企业并购可能带来的潜在危机和风险如下主要体现为以下几方面:一是营运风险。即企业并购完成后,可能无法使整个企业集团产生生产经营协同效应、财务协同效应、市场份额效应.难以实现规模经济和经验共享二是信息风险。信息是非常重要的,信息的充分与否决定着企业并购成本的大小及时与真实的信息可以降低企业的并购成本,从而大大提高企业并购的成功率三是融资风险。与并购相关的融资风险具体包括资金是否在数量上和时间上保证需求、融资方式是否适合并购动机、现金支付是否影响企业正常的生产经营、杠杆收购的偿债风险等四是反收购风险。目标企业不愿意被并购时.可能会不惜一切代价实施反并购策略.其反并购活动就会对并购企业构成相当大的风险五是法律风险各国关于并购的法律法规一般都通过增加并购成本而提高并购难度六是体制风险在我国.国有企业资本运营过程中相当一部分企业并购行为.都是由政府撮合而实现的尽管大规模的企业并购活动离不开政府的支持和引导.但是并购行为毕竟是一种市场行为.如果政府依靠行政手段对企业并购大包大揽.不仅背离市场原则.难以达到预期效果,而且往往还会给并购企业带来风险.使企业偏离资产最优组合目标。
(五)企业并购的收益因素
企业并购的最终目的是取得收益在成功的企业并购活动中。相对于其并购前的市场价值而言.被并购企业的股东增加了可观的财富其财富的增加来源于并购企业支付的溢价.溢价的幅度平均为30%.甚至还出现过80%的溢价。对并购企业来讲.其价值变化的影响不是如此明显收益的实现方式有两种:一是通过并购所产生的协同效应来实现.二是通过税收上的纳税优惠来实现。并购协同效应是使得两个企业组成一个企业之后.其产出比两个企业的产出之和还要大的情形.通常认为是“1+1大于2”的效应税收上的纳税优惠在企业的正常经营活动中可能是无法得到的.但有时通过并购活动.可以将这些鼓励性措施转化为企业的具体利益。
三、我国企业并购中存在的问题
(一)政府对企业并购进行干预
在我国.政府干预企业并购的目的.主要是帮助企业摆脱亏损局面,使企业走出经营困境.但是收效却不明显。
(二)上市公司信息披露不充分,造成并购方资产负债率过高
由于我国会计师事务所提交的审计报告水分较多.并购双方的信息严重不对称.使得并购方很难准确判断目标企业资产价值和盈利能力.在定价中可能接受高于目标企业价值的收购价格,由此导致并购方资产负债率过高.目标企业不能产生预期盈利而陷入财务困境。
(三)中介机构在企业并购支付方式选择上的作用还没有充分发挥
在我国.投资银行的行业操作能力低.影响了我国企业并购的发展。
(四)流动性资源过多
我国企业并购大多采用现金支付方式.如果企业本身没有大量闲置资金。就需要对外筹集资金。以保证并购的顺利进行。大量的长期负债会大大改变企业的资本结构.或令企业被迫接受一系列限制性条款.限制企业正常经营活动的开展和资金的正常运作。因此.企业应根据并购目的、自身资本结构等多方面因素选择适当的融资渠道,避免因融资渠道、还款方式选择不当增加企业资本成本.令企业陷入财务危机
四、我国企业并购财务问题的相应对策
(一)实行政企分开
只有有效地实现政企分开,理顺产权关系.改革企业产权制度.才能规范政府和企业的行为.避免两者相互“越位”:只有实行政企分开.政府与企业才能更好地在市场经济中进行角色定位。
(二)合理评估目标企业的价值
企业在并购前.应对目标企业进行详细的审查和评价.并聘请投资银行对目标企业的行业发展前景、财务状况和经营能力进行全面分析.进而对目标企业的未来自由现金流量做出合理预测.并在此基础上对目标企业进行合理估价。
(三)洽理安排资金支付
并购双方协商好收购价格.并购方就应根据并购支付方式着手筹措资金一是现金方式并购现金方式并购是最简单迅速的一种支付方式。对目标公司而言。不必承担证券风险,交割简单明了。缺点是目标企业不能享受税收上的优惠,而且也不能拥有新公司的股东权益.对于并购企业而言。要求有足够的现金头寸和筹资能力.交易规模也常常受到获利能力的制约。二是换股并购。即并购企业将目标企业的股权按一定比例换成本企业的股权视具体情况可分为增资换股、库存股换股等。换股并购对于目标企业股东而言.可以推迟收益时间.达到合理避税或延迟交税的目标.亦可分享并购企业价值增值的好处对并购方而言.比现金支付成本要小许多.但换股并购稀释了原有股东对企业的控制权三是综合证券并购方式即并购企业的出资不仅有现金、股票,还有认股权证、可转换债券和公司债券等多种混合形式选择好各种融资工具的种类结构、期限结构以及价格结构.可以避免上述两种方式的缺点.可防止并购方企业原有股东的股权稀释.从而控制股权转移四是杠杆收购方式杠杆收购是指收购者主要通过借债来取得所需资金并获得收购企业的股权.然后通过经营被收购企业取得的现金流量来偿还所借债务的一种收购方法。
(四)发展资本市场.促使金融工具多样化
在发展资本市场的同时.还应注重中介机构的培育应给我国投资银行、证券公司这些中介机构提供充分的发展空间,利用它们的资本实力、信用优势和信息资源,为企业并购开创多种多样的筹资渠道。
五、结语
从理论上讲,企业并购行为是经济学、管理学、财务学、金融学等共同作用的产物。从实践角度看.企业并购行为受经济环境、政治环境、法律环境等多个因素的共同影响.必须全方位地看待这个问题作为企业的财务管理人士.在从财务上对企业并购行为进行合理的分析和选择的同时,还应考虑到市场、管理等诸多方面的因素,从而为企业经营者提供全方位的最有效的信息。

⑥ 并购融资的决策

并购融资作为企业融资的一部分,首先必须遵循一般的融资原则;同时由于并购融资区别于一般的企业融资,因而会对并购企业的财务状况及权益价值产生一些特殊的影响。因此,对于并购企业来说,在选择融资决策的过程中,除了应当根据具体情况选择适合企业情况及并购项目的融资方式以外,还应当分析不同的融资方式及融资结构安排对企业财务状况的影响,进而选择出适合本企业并购的融资决策。 并购企业面对不同的融资政策,面对各种各样的融资方式,如何选择和形成何种融资结构,都必须由企业综合各种影响因素来做出判断。影响并购融资方式选择的因素主要有以下五种:
(一)并购动机
并购企业都希望从并购活动中获取收益,但并购的动机不同,其收益的来源也有所不同,从而也会影响企业的融资决策。比如并购企业有意长期持有目标公司,通过资源的重新配置,引起效率的提高,从而获取收益,那么并购企业会对目标企业注入长期资金,形成一种紧密的生产、经营上的协作关系。基于此,在选择融资方式时,企业会以稳重型为主。如果并购方只是为了利用并购中的某些财务效应而将目标企业注入长期资金,在进行融资决策时则可能会以投机为主,那么企业可能会采取激进的融资政策。
(二)并购企业自身的资本结构和对待风险的态度
并购企业自身的资本结构将决定企业的进一步融资方向。这表现在融资方式和期限结构两个方面。如果并购企业自有资金充裕,动用自有资金无疑是最佳选择;如果企业负债率已经较高,则应尽量采取股权式融资而不宜增加企业的负债;如果企业的未来前景好,为了不稀释股东权益,也可以增加负债或用优先股进行融资,以保证未来收益全部由现有股东享有;并购企业如果短期资金充裕,而长期负债较多,则相应地在并购中尽量避免长期性的债务安排,尽量采取可获取长期资金的融资安排。相反,如果并购企业在将来有较多的现金流入,则可采取相反的做法。
并购企业对待风险的态度也会影响融资方式的选择。喜爱风险的企业将采取激进型的融资政策,在融资中更多地利用短期资金来源;而厌恶风险的企业则倾向于采取稳健型融资政策,会更多地利用长期资金来源融通资金。
(三)并购的支付方式
在实践中,企业并购主要采取现金收购、股票收购和债券收购三种方式。这三种方式对并购融资提出了不同的要求。
1.现金收购。在现金收购中,并购企业安排的融资均是以获得现金为目的。但由于现金(如贷款)支付会涉及到应付利息抵减所得税问题,为减轻税负,同时也减轻并购企业一次性支付的困难,企业往往会安排进行分期支付,这将会影响并购融资的期限结构。
2.股票收购。股票收购是指以通过发行本公司的股票,替换目标公司的股票以达到收购目的的一种出资方式,在股票收购中,虽不收回现金,但却收回代表目标企业控制的股票,这同样是一种融资方式。如果采取这种方式是否会稀释股权、持股人的每股收益,是否会被看成是并购者的股票价格高于价值的信号(否则,并购者宁愿选择使用负债或现金交易)。
3.债券收购。债券收购是指收购公司的支付方式是以现金、股票以外的债券支付的,这些债券可以直接发售给目标企业或是其他提供资金的机构,这既避免大量的现金支付,又可防止控股权的转移,因此较为常用。采取这种方式必须选择好各种融资方式的种类结构、期限结构以及价格结构,以求成本最低、效果最好。
(四)融资环境
企业进行融资时,融通资金的需求量、难易程度乃至该次融资成功与否都会受融资环境的影响。融资环境包括很多方面,诸如资本市场、货币的汇率、有关并购融资的法律等等。这些并购企业周围的融资环境也会直接或间接地影响企业并购融资方式的选择。
例如资本市场。完善而成熟的资本市场为并购融资提供了广阔的空间。融资方式的多样化及融资成本的降低都有赖于资本市场的成熟。一般来说,资本市场不尽完善时,企业多依靠内部筹资和金融机构信贷等。资本市场也制约着企业的筹资规模,因为只有通过资本市场才能迅速地集中大量的资金,其他途径都没有如此效果,这一点在杠杆收购中体现得尤为明显。
再如汇率问题。随着跨国并购交易的增长,在国际金融市场中,最突出的就是货币的汇率问题。货币汇率首先和最主要是通过影响融资中收到或偿还的资金价值来影响并购融资的。无论是通过何种方式取得融通资金,并购融资活动最起码会以一种货币表明并购价款。在任何随时间支付价款的融资活动中,货币的价值都可能会改变。如果提供和获得融资资金的企业分别使用不同的货币,这同样会影响企业并购融资方式的选择:是选择现金收购、股票收购还是债权收购才能最大限度地降低因汇率而产生的损失,甚至还可能从中获取收益;选择何种融资方式才能更好的运用一种或几种金融衍生工具来防范汇率变动带来的风险,进而实现融资活动的收益最大化。
(五)各种融资方式的成本
在进行融资方式选择时,企业也必须考虑各种融资方式的成本。债务融资资本成本包括债务的利息和融资费用,债务利息计入税前成本费用,可以起到抵税的作用。企业并购时使用的权益资本主要就是股票。发行股票的资本成本主要是股票的发行费用以及支付的股利。由于股利是企业在税后支付股利的,没有抵税的作用,因而权益融资成本往往要高于债务融资资本。由于受多种因素的制约,企业不可能只使用某种单一的融资方式,往往需要考虑多种融资方式的成本,进行加权平均资金成本(WACC)的分析,选择出最适合本企业的融资组合。 大多数融资决策都包括风险收益的权衡问题,并购融资也不例外。公司首先应该估计在当前的财务结构下风险和收益的平衡情况,然后决定合并后是维持这种平衡,还是在一个方向或另一个方向改变这种平衡。一个公司现金的减少增加了风险,但是,由于现金是非获利资产,把现金转换为其他资产时也就增加了盈利性。相反的,运用额外的负债提高了利润率或股东净值的盈利性,但是更多的负债意味着更大的风险。另一个需要考虑的因素是发行新股的冲击:这会引起股权稀释吗?因此,企业在做出融资方式选择以前必须了解各种融资方式对企业财务状况的影响,从而做出适合本企业的决策。
(一)债务融资对企业财务状况的影响
在完全使用债务融资进行的并购交易中,由于任何新的债务都是由并购企业与新收购的企业来共同承担的,因此,对于财务状况影响的分析总是针对特定的交易而言的。并购企业对于债务融资的兴趣很大程度上来源于其所带来的杠杆效应,随着债务比率的提高,融资企业的权益报酬率随之升高,精明的融资企业可以把这种杠杆利益发挥到极致。
当然,合并后企业的负债率有了很大的提高,可以预见,以负债提供融资的交易很可能会导致并购企业的权益负债率过高,使权益资本风险增大,其结果就是会对股票价格产生负面影响,这又与并购企业希望通过债务融资避免股权价值稀释的初衷相违背。因此,在利用债务融资方式时,并购融资企业应当特别重视在杠杆利益发挥与负债比率升高两者之间寻求一个平衡点。
(二)权益融资对企业财务状况的影响
如果完全使用股票进行交易,主要会涉及两个问题:
1.股权价值被稀释问题
影响这种情况发生与否的因素主要在于支付给被收购企业股票的数量与这部分股票能为合并后企业增加的盈利的价值的比较。
尽管存在着使被收购企业的股票盈利能力受损的因素,对于并购企业来说,仍然可以获得以权益融资进行交易的保障。因为一般而言,目标企业在被收购后通常都会有一定的盈利或潜在的盈利增长。这种盈利能力的削弱在初期发生后,也会随着盈利状况的改善而逐步消除。另外也可以通过收购企业市盈率的作用,避免这种情况的发生。
如果被收购企业的交易市盈率高于收购企业交易前的市盈率,收购者就会遭受到初期盈利能力的稀释以及市价的下落。这种情况就如同企业在做一项大规模的新产品项目一样,投资初期会引起现金的流出,但经过一段时期后会有现金流入。因此,并购投资项目也必然会引起最初盈利的减少,但最终将会带来股价升高的回报。
2. 企业控制权问题
权益融资中除了要关注对EPS与市盈率等指标的影响以外,并购企业还需要考虑的另外一个重要因素即企业控制权的分散程度对股东的影响,必须设定一个可放弃控股比例的最高限度,以避免控制权旁落。 在外部融资的几种方式中还有一个共同性的综合选择程序,包括以下一些内容:
1. 种类选择。证券种类的选择必须结合企业的资本结构。融资企业应当在债务融资带来的财务杠杆利益与财务风险之间寻求一种合理的均衡。这种均衡就是企业的最优资本结构。通过各种数量分析方法,以资金成本率为基础,可以建立起良好的资本结构。
2. 期限选择。作为并购企业,应当根据自身筹措资金的目的来选择证券的期限(就发行股票而言,则不存在这个问题),并做出初步的决定。
3. 利息选择。即要按实际情况进行股息和债券利息选择。对于股票利息,需要选择其种类及支付方式;对于债券利息需要选择付息形式、频率和利息水平等。企业一方面要使发行的证券对投资者具有吸引力,另一方面又要降低证券的发行成本。也就是说,要在证券的吸引力和本身的财务负担之间寻找一种合理的均衡。
4. 发售技术的选择。主要是关于发售价格、发售对象以及发售方式等的选择。这些问题除了需要根据企业具体情况进行决策以外,更多的是要依赖于金融、证券机构等的协助。
总之,在进行融资决策时,并购企业往往会选择多种融资工具进行融资。企业应该尽量使资金成本减少,融资风险得到合理的控制。当债务融资的比例较高时,财务杠杆的作用就较大,对于融资企业来说就意味着较高的融资风险。而如果以较高的股票融资来减少融资的财务风险,融资成本就会升高,并且由于股权数额的增加,又可能会导致股权价值被稀释。由此可以看出,融资企业一方面要在降低杠杆比例带来的利益和EPS稀释的代价之间进行权衡、做出判断;另一方面又要在财务杠杆作用的发挥和债务资本比重之间进行权衡。这一过程就是并购企业根据本身的评估结果和市场实现条件来规划合理的资本结构,以便达到使整个并购融资成本与风险的最小化。

⑦ 企业融资和并购有啥区别

收购是指一个公司通过产权交易取得其他公司一定程度的控制权,以实专现一定经济目标的经济行为属;并购是指两家或者更多的独立企业,公司合并组成一家企业,通常由一家占优势的公司吸收一家或者多家公司,并购一般是指兼并和收购。两者的区别在于:首先,收购属于并购的一种形式;其次,并购除了采用收购的方式,还可以采用兼并的方式,兼并又称吸收合并,是指两个独立的法人兼并和被兼并公司,通过并购的方式合二为一,被兼并公司的法人主体资格消亡其财产和债权债务等权利义务概括转移于实施并购公司,实施兼并公司需要相应办理公司变更登记;然而收购则是收购者取得了目标公司的控制权,目标公司的法人主体资格并不因之而必然消亡,在收购者为公司时,体现为目标公司成为收购公司的子公司。

⑧ 并购融资的论文该从哪写起

毕业论文的撰写及答辩考核是顺利毕业的重要环节之一,也是衡量毕业生是否达到要求重要依据之一。但是,由于许多应考者缺少系统的课堂授课和平时训练,往往对毕业论文的独立写作感到压力很大,心中无数,难以下笔。因此,就毕业论文的撰写进行必要指导,具有重要的意义。
(一)、毕业论文是应考者的总结性独立作业,目的在于总结学习专业的成果,培养综合运用所学知识解决实际问题的能力。从文体而言,它也是对某一专业领域的现实问题或理论问题进行科学研究探索的具有一定意义的论说文。完成毕业论文的撰写可以分两个步骤,即选择课题和研究课题。
(二)、选好课题后,接下来的工作就是研究课题,研究课题一般程序是:搜集资料、研究资料,明确论点和选定材料,最后是执笔撰写、修改定稿。
第一、研究课题的基础工作——搜集资料。考生可以从查阅图书馆、资料室的资料,做实地调查研究、实验与观察等三个方面来搜集资料。搜集资料越具体、细致越好,最好把想要搜集资料的文献目录、详细计划都列出来。首先,查阅资料时要熟悉、掌握图书分类法,要善于利用书目、索引,要熟练地使用其他工具书,如年鉴、文摘、表册、数字等。其次,做实地调查研究,调查研究能获得最真实可靠、最丰富的第一手资料,调查研究时要做到目的明确、对象明确、内容明确。调查的方法有:普遍调查、重点调查、典型调查、抽样调查。调查的方式有:开会、访问、问卷。最后,关于实验与观察。实验与观察是搜集科学资料数据、获得感性知识的基本途径,是形成、产生、发展和检验科学理论的实践基础,本方法在理工科、医类等专业研究中较为常用,运用本方法时要认真全面记录。
第二、研究课题的重点工作——研究资料。考生要对所搜集到手的资料进行全面浏览,并对不同资料采用不同的阅读方法,如阅读、选读、研读。
第三、研究课题的核心工作――明确论点和选定材料。在研究资料的基础上,考生提出自己的观点和见解,根据选题,确立基本论点和分论点。提出自己的观点要突出新创见,创新是灵魂,不能只是重复前人或人云亦云。同时,还要防止贪大求全的倾向,生怕不完整,大段地复述已有的知识,那就体现不出自己研究的特色和成果了。
第四、研究课题的关键工作――执笔撰写。下笔时要对以下两个方面加以注意:拟定提纲和基本格式。
第五、研究课题的保障工作――修改定稿。通过这一环节,可以看出写作意图是否表达清楚,基本论点和分论点是否准确、明确,材料用得是否恰当、有说服力,材料的安排与论证是否有逻辑效果,大小段落的结构是否完整、衔接自然,句子词语是否正确妥当,文章是否合乎规范。

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