融资风险外文

① 求一篇关于民间借贷风险研究的外文文献，最好有中文翻译，3000字左右

外文文献有，翻译没有，翻译得靠你自己了，希望能满足你的需要，能帮到你，如果需要直接网络Hi中留言同时贴出问题的链接地址和邮箱地址即可，或者告知其他安全可靠方式提供，多多给点悬赏分吧，急用的话请多选赏点分吧，这样更多的知友才会及时帮到你，我找到也是很花时间的
如果需要直接网络Hi中添加我好友，留言同时贴出问题的链接地址和邮箱地址即可，或者告知其他安全可靠方式提供

近期好像网络Hi无提示信息
留下邮箱地址如dgfgafd的126q邮箱
一六*零****八二*二QQ邮箱

② 有谁能告诉我有关上市公司负债筹资风险的外文翻译哪里找

搜一下：有谁能告诉我有关上市公司负债筹资风险的外文翻译哪里找

③ 中小企业融资途径和对策的外文文献及翻译各两篇

企业融来资按照期限来划分自，可分为短期融资和长期融资。企业做融资期限决策，即在短期融资与长期融资两种方式之间进行权衡时，做何种选择，主要取决于融资的用途和融资人的风险性偏好。

从资金用途上来看，如果融资是用于企业流动资产，则根据流动资产具有周期快、易于变现、经营中所需补充数额较小及占用时间短等特点，宜于选择各种短期融资方式，如商业信用、短期贷款等；如果融资是用于长期投资或购置固定资产，则由于这类用途要求资金数额大、占用时间长，因而适宜选择各种长期融资方式，如长期贷款、企业内部积累、租赁融资、发行债券、股票等。

④ 求大神翻译一段融资风险的英语

股票投资一般是指买入并持有的股票在证券市场中个体公司的股息和资本收益的预期收益，如股票上涨的价值。典型的股权持有人获得投票权，这意味着他们可以投票决定董事会人选以及某些重大交易，与剩余控制权，这意味着他们分享公司的利润，以及恢复一些公司的资产中的事件，它的褶皱，虽然他们在回收他们的投资一般有最低的优先级。通过自我管理的条件和技术条件的制约，小和中小型企业面临的经营亏损时容易大量的资本，经营管理中存在的一些问题。它将直接威胁到企业的生存和发展，这是股权转让融资风险。
网络翻译了一下。。。应该能看懂大意了吧

⑤ 毕业论文要3000字的外文及翻译，主要是融资风险方面的，在哪里可以找到

不好找的吧！

⑥ 【求助】求关于银行对中小企业贷款风险方面的外文文献原文及译文

去摆渡上查查啊
商业银行对中小企业贷款的风险与防范

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http://finance.sina.com.cn 2004年09月27日 11:36 中国经济时报

-张礼庆 黄平

目前，我国中小企业在国民经济发展中的作用和地位问题，越来越受到各方面的关注。由于中小企业的经营记录不够完全，财务信息可信度低，抵押物不足，经营风险大，因此，在有大企业进行选择的情况下，金融机构普遍不愿意对中小企业融资，无论是国内还是国外，中小企业融资难的现象都普遍存在。

一、对中小企业融资规律的认识

中小企业的融资需求，有其内在的规律，设计融资制度，必须对此做出深入的研究。

1、中小企业的融资需求动机

从宏观看，中小企业的融资需求决定于业主选择的分工状态，通过融资制度，使更多的产业组织测试成为可能。在这方面，中小企业的融资需求主要分为两类：一是创业需求，这是一种投资需求。其动机在于以劳动力市场的交易费用代替交易费用，然后得到成本节约的利益；二是发展融资的需求，这既包含交易动机，也包含投资动机。在发展的过程中，自有资金比例的下降，财务杠杆的上升，意味着用自有资金承担的风险相对降低，也意味着风险向社会的转移。从微观看，中小企业的融资需求取决于资本结构，在中小企业发展的不同阶段，以及不同治理结构、不同业主的中小企业，融资需求特征不一致，融资方式、融资总量的选择也不同。

2、中小企业的融资方式选择

不同组织结构的中小企业，融资方式选择的倾向性会有所差异，如非公司制企业通常选择间接融资，而合伙企业通常不会融资。所有制不同，也会对中小企业融资方式的选择产生影响，如国有中小企业通常依赖国有银行的融资，民营企业则较多的依赖于民间金融进行直接融资。

3、中小企业融资难点

从直接融资看，中小企业的融资难点在于信息不对称。由于直接融资方式要求资金的使用者通过信息批露及公正的会计、审计等第三者监督的方式来提高经营状况的透明度。信息不透明的程度越高，资金提供者要求的在让渡资金时所要求的风险补偿就越高。中小企业的信用记录缺乏，财务信息也可能不可靠，因而，在直接融资中，中小企业必须支付远远高于大企业的资金成本，这是中小企业难以通过上市公开募集资金的主要原因。

从间接融资看，站在银行角度考虑，中小企业的融资难点主要有以下几点：(1)中小企业数量多、类别复杂、单个贷款规模小，造成银行经营成本增加；(2)由于中小企业担保难，资信不够，抵押品种少，经营中抗风险能力弱，致使银行在风险机制约束下不愿涉足；(3)中小企业融资需求频率高，时间短，增加了银行的流动性管理困难；(4)中小企业为便于竞争不愿公开太多的内部信息，造成银行信用调查难，因而银行往往将中小企业拒之门外。

4、中小企业融资风险的控制

对中小企业融资，一方面，由于抵押物和担保品不足，融资风险本身较高；另一方面，逆向选择加大了中小企业的融资风险。因此，对中小企业的融资风险要有深入的认识。

从风险控制看，中小企业融资风险可以分为道德风险和非道德风险。所谓道德风险，指中小企业利用自己的信息优势损害投资者利益，从而导致的投资风险。所谓非道德风险，就是中小企业在经营活动中形成的风险，不同的中小企业经营目标取向和管理者才能有差异，风险收益也不会一样。非道德风险是可以预测的，也是可以通过融资制度的设计去分散并控制的。

从银行角度看，中小企业的道德风险较一般的大企业高，原因在于其贷款抵押物不足。其实，这只是由于符合银行偏好的抵押物不足。除了资产，中小企业还有很多替代担保品，如自有资本比率，企业自有资本比率越高，则其自身承担的风险就越高，对项目风险控制就越严格。

二、中小企业间接融资风险的解决办法

当前我国中小企业的状况，主要有以下几个特点：一是大部分企业没有真正建立起现代企业制度，体制不顺，机制不活，有的企业虽然进行了体制改革，但是名不符实；二是管理不规范，相当部分企业法人和管理人员素质有待提高。一些企业管理混乱，财务不实，报表失真，甚至依据不同的需要，随心所欲地编制或提供种种虚假报表；三是整体经济效益差，抗风险能力弱。主要是企业亏损面广，有的亏损额大，同时，企业的资本金少，固定资产规模小，可供贷款担保抵押的有效资产不足；四是资信状况差，一方面企业信用等级普遍不高，可供银行选择的优良客户不多，另一方面，部分企业信用意识淡薄，重贷轻还，随意拖欠贷款本息，有的甚至恶意逃债、赖债、废债，损坏了中小企业的形象，降低了中小企业的信用度。

在这种情况下，金融中介机构在发放贷款时必须控制风险，加强风险管理和流动性管理。

1、风险管理

⑴控制融资额度，不以融资需求为唯一标准。

中小企业间接融资的增加，意味着中小企业的经营风险向间接融资体系的转移。因而，银行等金融机构不能完全以中小企业融资需求作为决定贷款额度的唯一依据，而是要充分考虑到中小企业的自有资金状况和经营状况。一方面，可以根据中小企业生产经营中可以预见的收入流来估计其还贷水平并确定贷款额度；另一方面，银行可以根据中小企业自有资金数量确定一个贷款上限，只要融资总量没有超过自有资金的量，作为债权人的银行就没有承担主要风险，对中小企业的融资约束就可以相对放松。

⑵ 采用替代性的担保方式

抵押物不足和难以获得信用担保是中小企业融资的固有特征，应该考虑以替代的方式解决担保问题，这样，既可以满足银行经营管理中风险控制的要求，又适应了中小企业的现实情况，以下是集中替代性的担保方式：

① 变企业担保为个人担保。对于中小企业来说，由于其经营者和所有者在大多数情况下是统一的，因此将对企业的信贷转化为对个人的信贷基本上是一致的。但对银行的信贷管理则不同，个人信贷侧重于考察顾客的品格、声望、学历水平、金融历史记录、收入流和负债能力等，担保审查也比较宽松。从国外的金融实践来看，此类转变对激励客户还贷有积极作用，并有助于精简贷款手续，提高银行对融资需求的反应速度。

② 群体担保。由于族群关系，社区关系的存在，中小企业及其经营者往往存在一个关系相对密切的种族、宗族群体。由这些群体为中小企业提供担保，能有效减少监督成本甚至交易成本。这一方面是由于如果中小企业恶意逃债，而群体代位赔付，将导致中小企业及其经营者失去群体的支持，这是极其高昂的成本；另一方面，同一社区的成员常常十分了解各自的信用状况，人们会对加入者的信用状况做出谨慎选择，往往有意识地排除信用不好的人，降低了银行的筛选成本。

③ 强制储蓄。有的金融机构要求其贷款申请者事前参加储蓄计划，定期存入一定现金，并且在贷款未清偿前，不得退出储蓄计划，这实际是一种替代性的担保措施。这类强制储蓄措施在一定程度上也能起到督促还贷的作用。

④ 还贷激励。在借款者及时归还本息后会给予其一定的利息返还，以作为按时还本付息的鼓励，这也有助于鼓励中小企业的还贷行为，降低中小企业的贷款风险。

⑤ 利用政策性担保体系。当中小企业符合政策扶持要求，需要融资，但担保品不足时，政策性金融机构会为中小企业提供担保，以保障中小企业得到商业性金融机构的融资。如果风险确实发生，类似于中小企业基金之类的担保机构则会履行代位清偿职能，清偿商业银行部分本金，并承担追讨欠款的相应职责，这也一定程度上保证了商业银行资金的安全性。

⑶ 通过提供附加服务，增加收益。银行为中小企业提供综合性服务，一方面，可以扩大银行的盈利来源，另一方面，可以提高中小企业的竞争力，从而降低银行融资风险，增强银行的盈利能力。

2、流动性管理

⑴ 根据实际服务对象设计不同的贷款方式

针对中小企业的融资特点，根据不同中小企业特殊的现金流状况、支付频率，为其设计特殊的贷款方式及还款方式。国外金融机构为中小企业推出了形式多样的贷款方式，许多与消费信贷十分类似，这就满足了中小企业的特殊的交易性的资金需求，同时也便于银行进行流动性管理。

⑵ 通过强制储蓄、再贷款等手段进行流动性管理

由于强制储蓄是贷款量的等比例缩减，因此，可以减轻银行等金融机构现金支出的波动性。通过向大型商业银行再融资或者向中央银行再贷款，商业银行能进一步减轻中小企业融资需求的波动性给流动性管理带来的困难。

(作者单位：平安信托有限公司 西南财经大学中国金融中心)

更多精彩评论，更多传媒视点，更多传媒人风采，尽在新浪财经新评谈频道，欢迎访问新浪财经新评谈频道。

⑦ 企业融资外文文献以及翻译

[1] Perotti, E. Vesnaver, L. Enterprise finance and investment in listed Hungarian firms[J]. Journal of Comparative Economics, 2004, 32(1): 73-87.
[2] Chen, G. Cole, J. The myths, facts, and theories of ethnic, small-scale enterprise financing[J]. The Review of Black Political Economy, 1988, 16(4): 111-123.

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⑧ 筹资风险的英文翻译是什么

the risks of floatation of a loan

⑨ 股票筹资风险的英文摘要

The issue market is refers to has the stock from the plan to the sales entire process, the issue market is the call for fund obtains the fund directly the market. the new company's being established, the old company increases funding or offers loans, must through the issue market, probably draw support in has, the sales stock raising fund, causes the fund to enter in the demand hand from the supplier in the relay, is also transforms the deposit as the investment, thus creates the new actual assets and the monetary assets, increases the social total capital and proctivity, promotes the social economy development, this is the basic-level market function.

1. issue market characteristic: First, not fixed place, may in the Investment bank, the Trust investment company and the negotiable securities company and so on place the occurrence, may also in the market the opening offer new stock; Two do not have the unification occurrence time, according to own needs to move toward by the stock publisher with the market quotation decided voluntarily when distributes.

2. has the market constitution: Has the market to be composed of three main body factor interconnection. These three are the stock publisher, the stock credit corroborative in both urban and rural areas and the stock investor. the publisher's stock issue scale and investor's actual investment ability, is deciding the issue market stock capacity and the developed degree; At the same time, to guarantee that has business's smooth advance, causes to have and the investors can realize own goal smoothly, acts as a purchasing agent and has exclusive selling rights the stock intermediary issue market, issues on another's behalf the traveler outstanding share, and charges the proceral fee to the publisher. Thus, the issue market take the credit corroborative in both urban and rural areas as a center, a relation publisher, a relation investor, positively in development stock issue.

3. stock issue way: Under the various countries' different politics, the economy, the social conditions, specially the monetary system and the money market management's difference causes the stock the release way is also many and varied; According to the different taxonomic approach, may summarize as follows
(1) public release does not come together with public release this according to the release object divides. The public release calls male solicits, is refers to does not have the specific release object beforehand, sells the stock publicly to the social general investors the way. selects this method, may expand shareholder's scope, the dispersion owns stocks, prevents to store up the stock or to operate by the small number of people, is advantageous in enhances company's sociality and the popularity, will be later collects more funds to build the foundation. increases the stock the merchantability and the conctivity. The public release may use the method which Joint-stock company sell directly, may also pay certain release expense to adopt the financial Facilitating agency proxy.
The public release is refers to the publisher only to the specific release object sales promotion stock way. Usually uses in two kind of situations: one is the shareholder share matching, also calls the shareholder to share, namely the Joint-stock company assigns this company's new stock subscriber power according to the stock face value to the original shareholder, mobilizes the shareholder to subscribe. This kind of new stock issue price often is lower than the market price, in fact becomes to shareholder's one kind gives favored treatment, generally the shareholders are glad to the subscriber. if some shareholders are not willing to subscribe, he may give up the new stock subscriber power automatically, may also transfer this kind of subscriber power other people, thus has formed the subscriber power transaction. two are the personal share matchings, also calls the third party to share, namely the Joint-stock company sells outside the shareholder the new stock minute this company staff, the intercourse customer and so on to have with the company the special relationship third party. selects this method often to stem from two kind of considerations: First, to press the preferential price to share the new stock for specific, shows to look after; Second, when the new stock issue encounters the difficulty, shares to the third party supports in order to, regardless of being the shareholder or personal sells on ration, because the release object is decides, therefore, does not need through male to solicit the way, not only this may save the request Facilitating agency's handling charge, reces the cost of capital, but may also transfer the shareholder and the internal enthusiasm, item solid and development company's public relation. But the shortcoming is this kind of public release stock fluidity is bad, cannot publicize in the market transfers the sell, will also rece Joint-stock company's sociality and the popularity, will also exist is offered a very low price with the holding danger.

(2) direct release and distributes this is indirectly sells the sell stock according to the publisher the way not to come together divides. The direct release calls the direct stock offering. Is refers to Joint-stock company to undertake stock issue all business and the release risk, sells the sell stock directly to the subscriber the way. when selects the direct release method, requests the publisher to be familiar with the stock offering procere, the familiar stock offering technology and meets certain requirement. When if the amount of subscription cannot achieve the plan stock offering volume, the newly built Joint-stock company's initiators or the existing Joint-stock company's board of directors must subscribe the stock which sells. , is only therefore suitable in has decides the release object or the release risk are few, proceral simple stock. Generally, because public release's stock or the public release has the difficulty (for example prestige low result's market competitiveness difference, could not bear large quantity release expense and so on) the stock; Perhaps the strength is abundant, has confidence realizes large amount private solicits saves release expense the great Joint-stock company stock, only then uses the direct release the way. the indirect release calls the indirect stock offering, is refers to the publisher to entrust the securities issue Facilitating agency to sell the stock the way. These Facilitating agencies take the stock the sales promotion, handles all release business, undertakes certain release risk and withdraws the corresponding income.
The stock indirect release has 3 methods: one is sells goods for the state, is also called the proxy stock offering, the sales promotion is only responsible according to publisher's condition sales promotion stock, the proxy stock offering service, but does not undertake any release risk, sells how many in the stipulated time internal energy to calculate how many, expires still could not sell the stock to return for the publisher. Because distributes the risk and the responsibility completely undertakes by the publisher, the securities issue Facilitating agency is only is entrusted to replace the sales promotion, therefore, the selling goods for the state handling charge is low. two are sells on consignment, also said that Yu Gu acts as a purchasing agent, the stock publisher and the securities issue Facilitating agency signs the sales promotion contract to stipulate explicitly, in stipulated time, if the Facilitating agency actual sales promotion's result has not been able to achieve the contract provision the release amount, its differential part acts as a purchasing agent down by Facilitating agency. This kind of release method's characteristic is can guarantee that completes the stock issue specified amount, generally gains publisher's popularity, but because the Facilitating agency must undertake certain release risk, therefore sells on consignment the handling charge which the expense is higher than sells goods for the state. three are has exclusive selling rights, also the name buys up the stock offering, when distributes the new stock, the securities issue Facilitating agency disposable to buy completely first with own fund is going the public release stock, then sells graally again according to the market quotation, the Facilitating agency earns business price difference. If has the unsalable stock, the Facilitating agency sells at reced price or has, because the publisher may obtain fast plans the fund completely, but the sales promotion wants to undertake the release risk completely, therefore, has exclusive selling rights the expense to be higher than sells goods for the state spends and sells on consignment the expense. when stock indirect release actually uses which one method, the publisher and the sales promotion consideration angle is different, needs both sides to consult the determination. In general, the publisher mainly considered that he in the market prestige, the expenses time, the cost of capital and to sells the trust degree; The sales promotion main consideration undertakes the risk and can obtain income.

3) paid increases funding, free increases funding with matching increases funding this is defers to the investor subscribes time the stock whether pays the payment for shares to divide. Paid increases funding is refers to the subscriber to according to the stock some kind of issue price payment cash, Fang Neng obtain the stock one release way. the general public release's stock and private solicits the way which the shareholder share matching, the personal share matching use paid increase funding, uses this way outstanding share, may collect the capital stock directly from the outside, increases Joint-stock company's capital in cash. free increases funding, is refers to the subscriber not to need to pay the cash to the Joint-stock company to be possible to obtain the stock the release way, the release object is only restricted in the original shareholder, uses this way release the stock, cannot collect the capital stock directly from the outside management, but is depends upon the rection Joint-stock company's common reserve fund or the earnings balance increases the capital in cash, the release way which generally only when the stock distributes dividends draws bonus, the stock split-up and the legal common reserve fund or the earnings extension make capital share matching uses free increases funding, the new stock free issue for the original shareholder, its goal is mainly in proportion divides for the shareholder the profit, heightens the shareholder confidence and the company prestige or to adjust the capital structure. because the free release must receive the sources of fund the limit, therefore, cannot use this way outstanding share frequently. Matching increases funding, is refers to the Joint-stock company when shares the new stock to the original shareholder, only lets the shareholder pay the issue price a part to be possible to obtain certain amount stock the way, for example the shareholder subscribes the currency value is 100 Yuan stocks, only needed the branch society 50 Yuan to be possible, other parts of free releases, arrived sufficiently by company's common reserve fund. This release way is also to the original shareholder's one kind of preferential benefit, can only collect the partial payment for shares again from their there, realizes the company to increase funding very quickly the plan.

The above these stock issue way, has the advantages and the condition restraint respectively, the Joint-stock company when the outstanding share, may select some method, may also concurrently pick several ways, various companies are embark from own actual situation, selects according to qualification. Presently, various countries use most are many, the most universal way are public and the indirect release