A. 国外中小企业的融资方式主要有哪些
国外中小企业融资的主要方式
中小企业的资金的来源无非是以下几种：一是自筹，二是直接融资，三是间接融资，四是政府扶持资金等。
关于自筹资金。它包括的范围非常广泛，主要有业主自有资金；风险投资资金；企业经营性融资资金；企业间的信用贷款；中小企业间的互助机构的贷款；以及一些社会性基金的贷款等等。关于直接融资。是指以债券和股票的形式公开向社会筹集资金的渠道。关于间接融资。主要包括各种短期和中长期贷款。贷款方式主要有抵押贷款、担保贷款和信用贷款等。
不同类型的中小企业融资特点不同，当然对融资渠道和条件的要求也不同。从融资的角度看，中小企业可分为制造业型、服务业型、高科技型以及社区型等几种类型。各类型的中小企业的融资特点和要求各不相同。
中小企业融资政策的比较
政府的资金支持是中小企业资金来源的一个重要组成部分。综合各国的情况来看，政府的资金支持一般能占到中小企业外来资金的10％左右，具体是多少则决定于各国对中小企业的相对重视程度以及各国企业文化的传统。各国对中小企业资金援助的方式主要包括：
1、税收优惠。发达国家企业税收一般占企业增加值的40-50％。在实行累进税制的情况下，中小企业的税负相对轻一些，但也占增加值的30％左右，负担仍较重。为进一步减轻税负，各国采取了一系列的措施。
2、财政补贴。财政补贴的应用环节是鼓励中小企业吸纳就业、促进中小企业科技进步和鼓励中小企业出口等。
3、贷款援助。政府帮助中小企业获得贷款的主要方式有：贷款担保、贷款贴息、政府直接的优惠贷款等。
4、风险资本。欧美等国家多由民间创立、而日本等国主要为政府设立。
5、鼓励中小企业到资本市场直接融资。为解决中小企业的直接融资问题，一些国家探索开辟“第二板块”，为中小企业，特别是科技型中小企业，提供直接融资渠道。
国外经验对中国的启示
为建立有中国特色的中小企业正常的资金融通体系和渠道，完善我国政府的资金扶持政策体系，借鉴国外的先进经验，特提出如下建议：
1、进一步加快现代规范的企业制度建设，还公司制中小企业符合市场经济运行机制要求的自然的直接融资权。
2、建立专门的中小企业金融机构，鼓励中小企业间建立互助金融组织。
3、建立符合我国国情的“第二板块市场”。
4、鼓励中小企业的创业者向亲朋好友借资。
5、要从税收、财政支出、贷款援助和直接融资等各方面建立和完善我国中小企业资金扶持政策体系。
6、依国情选择中小企业的扶持重点。
7、建立中小企业平稳“退出”的安抚政策
B. 美国的中小企业是怎样融资的
美国中小企业在银行可以贷到款，一开始的融资借贷和企业主的信用(credit)有关，后来适和该企业版的信权用有关。
还有你说的应该是SBA, small business administration 吧？关于他们的方法和手段，从他的网站上都有详细介绍
www.sba.gov
C. 为什么说各国中小企业融资难是一个世界性难题
小微企业为什么是一个客观存在的难题呢？我们一般说小微企业融资版两大难题：一是风险高，二是权成本高。世界性都是这样，不是光我们国家，这是一个普遍性的难题。
首先看风险，因为一个国家经济发展不断有小微企业产生，中间也不断地成长壮大，但是也有不断地小微企业两三年就死掉。比如巴西80%小微企业的生命不到1年，我们国家的统计是中小企业统计平均寿命3.7年，小微企业平均寿命只有2.9年。这样一个群体，风险当然高，如果给贷给他钱，不到一年死掉了，找谁还钱。世界银行2008年有50多个国家的调查，大中小企业不良率，大企业不良率平均3.9%，中型企业不良率5.7%，小微企业不良率是7.4%。小微企业由于生命周期基本是规律性的，能够活下来、成长起来的是低概率的。所以，风险是高的，这样一个客观现实我们没有办法改变。
D. 国外中小企业融资现状
中小企业直接融资状况。目前，中小企业直接融资的状况并不十分理想。我国在主板市场上市的企业有1000多家，而且大都是国有企业，仅有那些产品成熟、效益好、市场前景广阔的高科技产业和基础产业类的少数中小企业可以争取到直接上市筹资、或者通过资产置换借“壳”买“壳”上市的机会。尽管我国有关部门即将出台企业债券管理新条例，企业债券的发行主体将有所放宽，原先对项目的限制将有所松动，但对中小企业来说，在一定时期内还将不在众券商备选企业之列。职工集资是中小企业的主要融资手段。由于企业在开办初期很难得到金融机构的支持，所以大多数中小企业采用职工集资的方式筹集资金。入股是改制企业和股份制企业的重要融资方式，大多数已经占总资产的10%.
2.信用歧视。中央为了搞活企业，提出了“抓大放小”的方针政策，要求银行部门要重点支持大企业，确保大企业的信贷，对中小企业就不重视，在确保大企业的基础上才予以考虑，造成了对中小企业的信用歧视，导致银行在对大企业和中小企业融资问题上的不平等。缺乏对中小企业信贷需求的重视。据统计，1998年工、农、中、建四家银行新增贷款20.85亿元，其中非国有经济贷款仅新增1亿多元，中长期贷款几乎为零。随着各国有商业银行提出业务向中心城市发展战略的实施，部分机构存在“重大轻小”的倾向，个别银行有诸如一定数额以下或注册资本金100万以下企业不贷的规定，恰恰断掉了贷款需求以“急、频、少、繁”为主要特点的中小企业融资主渠道。
缺乏为中小企业贷款提供担保的信用体系。就中小企业自身来讲，一方面，固定资产较少，不足以抵押，贷款受到限制；另一方面，一些中小企业在改制过程中屡有逃费、悬空银行债务现象发生，损害了自身的信用度。同时，企业也深感办理抵押环节多、收费多，如在土地房产抵押评估和登记手续中，评估包括申请、实地勘测、限价估算等，登记包括土地权属调查、地籍测绘、土地他向权利登记等，极为繁琐。
.对非国有企业融资的歧视。长期以来，在政府和银行方面，都存在这样的观念，认为大型企业都是国有的，贷款给他们是国家对国家的企业，不会造成国有资产的流失。而中小企业大多数是非国有的企业，效益不稳定，贷款回收不好，信誉差，容易导致国有资产流失，所以银行一般对中小企业贷款十分慎重，条件较为苛刻。尽管现在比以前有所改善，但仍然存在这种现象。
.一些区域性的中小金融机构发展不规范，对中小企业的支持力度不够。我国经济中涌现出一批区域性的中小金融机构，本来应以支持中小企业的发展为己任。但在实际中，这些金融机构在业务发展上与国有金融机构有趋同的趋势，不能真正面向中小企业，存在一定的信贷歧视现象。很多中小金融机构将大量资金上存或购买国债，对急需贷款的中小企业却不予支持。
缺少为中小企业发展服务的金融机构。现在我国极为缺少切实面向中小企业服务的金融机构，民生银行原来的初衷是为民营企业和中小企业服务的，可是现在它已经和其他股份制商业银行没有什么区别了，其他新组建的城市商业银行原来也是面向中小企业的，可由于资金、服务水平、项目有限，迫使它也逐步走向严格，限制了中小企业的融资。
E. 西方国家中小企业有哪些融资途径
中小企业的资金的来源无非是以下几种：一是自筹，二是直接融资，三是间接融资，四是政府扶持资金等。
关于自筹资金。它包括的范围非常广泛，主要有业主自有资金；风险投资资金；企业经营性融资资金；企业间的信用贷款；中小企业间的互助机构的贷款；以及一些社会性基金的贷款等等。关于直接融资。是指以债券和股票的形式公开向社会筹集资金的渠道。关于间接融资。主要包括各种短期和中长期贷款。贷款方式主要有抵押贷款、担保贷款和信用贷款等。
不同类型的中小企业融资特点不同，当然对融资渠道和条件的要求也不同。从融资的角度看，中小企业可分为制造业型、服务业型、高科技型以及社区型等几种类型。各类型的中小企业的融资特点和要求各不相同。
中小企业融资政策的比较
政府的资金支持是中小企业资金来源的一个重要组成部分。综合各国的情况来看，政府的资金支持一般能占到中小企业外来资金的10％左右，具体是多少则决定于各国对中小企业的相对重视程度以及各国企业文化的传统。各国对中小企业资金援助的方式主要包括：
1、税收优惠。发达国家企业税收一般占企业增加值的40-50％。在实行累进税制的情况下，中小企业的税负相对轻一些，但也占增加值的30％左右，负担仍较重。为进一步减轻税负，各国采取了一系列的措施。
2、财政补贴。财政补贴的应用环节是鼓励中小企业吸纳就业、促进中小企业科技进步和鼓励中小企业出口等。
3、贷款援助。政府帮助中小企业获得贷款的主要方式有：贷款担保、贷款贴息、政府直接的优惠贷款等。
4、风险资本。欧美等国家多由民间创立、而日本等国主要为政府设立。
5、鼓励中小企业到资本市场直接融资。为解决中小企业的直接融资问题，一些国家探索开辟“第二板块”，为中小企业，特别是科技型中小企业，提供直接融资渠道。
国外经验对中国的启示
为建立有中国特色的中小企业正常的资金融通体系和渠道，完善我国政府的资金扶持政策体系，借鉴国外的先进经验，特提出如下建议：
1、进一步加快现代规范的企业制度建设，还公司制中小企业符合市场经济运行机制要求的自然的直接融资权。
2、建立专门的中小企业金融机构，鼓励中小企业间建立互助金融组织。
3、建立符合我国国情的“第二板块市场”。
4、鼓励中小企业的创业者向亲朋好友借资。
5、要从税收、财政支出、贷款援助和直接融资等各方面建立和完善我国中小企业资金扶持政策体系。
6、依国情选择中小企业的扶持重点。
7、建立中小企业平稳“退出”的安抚政策
F. 有关于中小企业融资的国内外研究现状
中小企业融资来问题国内外对比自研究Comparative research into difficulties in financing at home and abroad中小企业已经成为国民经济发展的支柱力量,其经济地位是举足轻重的.但是融资难却是中小企业发展过程中面临的最大的困难,已成为制约中小企业发展的瓶颈.在解决中小企业融资难问题时我们可借鉴美、日等国扶持中小企业融资的一些成功做法,这些经验为解决我国中小企业融资难的问题提供了思路,同时结合我国的国情,制定一套适合解决我国中小企业融资难的法律法规、服务体系及信用担保机制. http://www.ilib.cn/Abstract.aspx?A=shidjm200607034
G. 中小企业融资问题及对策国内外研究发展现状及趋势
一、中小企业融资现状：中小企业融资难，已是不争的事实。
二、中小企业融资困境的原因：
(一)我国缺乏对中小企业融资的政策扶持
(二)我国缺乏专门的金融管理机构
(三)中小企业经营稳定性差，增加了银行的信贷风险
(四)中小企业可用于抵押担保的资产不足
(五)中小企业信用等级低，贷款成本高，银企关系恶劣
三、中小企业融资难的（国内）解决对策：
(一)加快中小企业自身建设，改革中小企业经营机制，尽快建立健全适合中小企业发展的经营决策机制，建立健全完善的企业财务制度，提高企业经营决策的透明度与科学性，充分实现信息公开，解决银企关系中信息不对称的问题。
(二)加快推进金融体制改革，建立健全能为中小企业融资提供金融服务的中小金融机构体系。
1、建立完善中小金融机构，形成为中小企业服务的中小金融机构体系。
2、加快推进多层次资本市场体系的建立与完善，打开中小企业融资的直接渠道，拓宽中小企业融资途径。
3、建立风险投资基金。
(三)转换政府职能，由过去的单纯管理型逐步向服务型转变，理顺政企关系，积极疏通中小企业融资渠道，建立健全社会化服务体系 。
四、中小企业融资难的（国外）解决参考：
（一）以美国为代表的信贷担保为主的模式，美国的信贷担保模式资金利用效率高、中小企业受益广、资金安全系数高，但手续复杂，获得贷款时间相对较长，对中小企业和经济的启动作用相对较慢。
（二）以日本为代表的直接“优惠”信贷(相对民间商业银行对中小企业较高的信贷利率而言)模式，日本的直接信贷支持模式需要政府投入的资金量大，资金风险也较大，但手续相对较简便，获得贷款时间较短，对中小企业和经济的启动作用相对较快。
因此，我国可以充分利用这两种政府对中小企业资金扶持模式的特点及长处，根据某一时刻我国中小企业和国民经济运行的特点，灵活地运用这两种方式，以取得政府扶持中小企业资金的最大效果。
H. 中英对照关于中小企业融资问题的！
1万字的
Automatically translated text:
The definition of lease financing
Finance leases (Financial Leasing) also known as the Equipment Leasing (Equipment Leasing), or modern leasing (Modern Leasing), and is essentially transfer ownership of the assets of all or most of the risks and rewards of the lease. The ultimate ownership of assets to be transferred, or may not transfer.
It refers to the specific content of the lessee to the lessor under the lease object and the specific requirements of the supplier selection, vendor financing to purchase rental property, and the use of leased to a lessee, the lessee to the lessor to pay instalments rent, the lease term lease ownership of objects belonging to the lessor of all, the tenant has the right to use the leased items. Term expired, and finished the lessee to pay rent under the lease contract financing to fulfil obligations in full, leasing objects that vesting ownership of all the lessee. Despite the finance lease transactions, the lessors have the identity of the purchase of equipment, but the substantive content of the purchase of equipment suppliers such as the choice of the specific requirements of the equipment, the conditions of the purchase contract negotiations by the lessee enjoy and exercise, lessee leasing object is essentially the purchaser. , Is a finance lease extension of loans and trade and technology updates in the new integrated financial instry. Because of its extension of loans and combination of features, there is a problem in leasing companies can recycling, treatment of leasing, and so the financing for the enterprise credit and secured the main requirement, it is very suitable for SME financing. In addition, the leasing of sheet financing, not reflected in the financial statements of the enterprise liability, does not affect the credit status of enterprises. This multi-channel financing needs of SMEs in terms of it is very beneficial.
Leasing and financing lease of a traditional nature of the difference is: traditional lease to the tenant leasing the use of objects of the time rent, and finance lease financing costs to the tenant occupying the time of rental. The market economy develops to a certain stage and the adaptation of a strong financing, in the 1950s in the United States have a new type of trading, as it adapted to the requirements of modern economic development, in the 60 to 70 the rapid development in the world, and today has become a business update equipment one of the main means of financing, known as the "sunrise instry." China in the early 1980s after the introction of this operational modalities for over 10 years has been the rapid development, compared with developed countries, the advantages of leasing is far from being played out, the market potential is huge.
[Edit] the main characteristics of the leasing
The main characteristics of the leasing is: the ownership of objects as leasing is the lessor in order to control the risk of the tenant rent reimbursement taken a form of ownership, at the end of the contract could eventually be transferred to the lessee, the lease purchase items from lease people choose, maintenance from the tenant responsible for the lessor to provide financial services only. Rent calculation principles are: to lease the lessor objects based on the purchase price, occupied by the lessee to the lessor of funds based on time, according to a mutually agreed rental rates. It is essentially dependent on the traditional leasing financial transactions, is a special kind of financial instruments.
[Edit] the type of lease financing
1. Simple financing lease
Financing lease is a simple, by the lessee choose to purchase the rental property, the lessor on the lease project through risk assessment after the rental lease to the lessee the use of objects. Throughout the lease period the lessee does not enjoy the right to use the title, and is responsible for repair and maintenance of leasing objects. The lessor's lease is good or bad thing without any liability, equipment depreciation in the tenant side.
2. Leveraged lease financing
Leveraged leasing practices similar to syndicated loans, is a specialized leasing to large-scale projects with the tax benefits of lease financing, mainly led by a leasing company as a trunk, and for the lease of a very large project financing. First set up a leasing company from the operation of the main institutions - a project-based fund management company set up projects to provide more than 20% of the total amount of funds, and the remaining part was the main source of funds banks and social absorb idle idle funds, the use of 100 percent enjoy low tax benefits "in the eight Bo" leverage for the leasing project large amount of funds. The remaining financing and leasing practices are basically the same, but because of the complexity of the contract covers a wide range and even greater. As can enjoy tax benefits, operating norms, comprehensive benefits, and recovery of rent safe, low-cost, and are generally used for aircraft, ships, communications equipment and large complete sets of equipment lease financing.
3. Commissioned by the Financial Leasing
Is a way to have the funds or equipment entrusted to non-bank financial institutions in the financing lease, the lessor is also the first client, the second is the trustee of the lessor at the same time. The lessor to accept the client's money or lease of the subject matter, according to the client's written by the client designated for the lessee of the leasing business. In the subject of the lease term lease of the property of the client, the lessor only charges, not to take risks. Such leasing commissioned a major characteristic is not to lease the right to operate the enterprise, "by the right" business. E-commerce is on the lease by lease rental as a business platform.
The second is the lessor or lessee commissioned by the lease purchase of a third person, the lessor under the contract to pay the purchase price, also known as commissioned by the lease purchase financing.
4. Project finance leasing
Lessee to project their own property and to ensure efficiency, and the lessor signed a finance lease contract, the lessor to the lessee of the property and other projects without recourse to the proceeds, we can only rent charged to the project's cash flow and profitability to determine. The seller (that is leasing goods manufacturers) through their holding leasing companies to promote their procts in this way, and expand market share. Communications equipment, medical equipment, transportation equipment, or even the right to operate highway can be used this way. Others, including the return of leasing, also known as sale and leaseback financing leasing; financing to leasing, also known as the financing to leasing.
[Edit] the risk of lease financing
Finance leases from the risk of many uncertain factors, is multifaceted and interrelated, in the full understanding of the operational activities of the characteristics of various risks can be comprehensive, scientific analysis of risks to formulate corresponding measures. The risk of financing leasing main categories as follows:
(1) proct market risks. In the market environment, regardless of the financing lease, loan or investment, as long as the funds used to purchase equipment or to carry out technological transformation, first of all, should consider leasing equipment procts market risks, which need to know to sell the procts, market share rate and occupancy, proct trends in the development of the market, the consumption structure and the mentality of the consumers and consumption capacity. If these factors are not fully understand, the survey are not careful, and may increase the market risk.
(2) financial risks. For the leasing of a financial nature, financial risks throughout the entire business activities. The lessor, the biggest risk is that the lessee is also rent capacity, it has a direct impact on the operation of leasing companies and survival, therefore, the risk of also rent from the project began, it should be cause for concern.
Currency also have risks, especially international payments, methods of payment, payment date, time, the remittance channels and means of payment options improperly, will increase the risk.
(3) Trade risk. For the leasing of a trade properties, the risks of trade negotiations to orders from the acceptance testing there is a risk. The merchandise trade in the modern development of a relatively complete, the community is also supporting the establishment of corresponding institutions and preventive measures, such as a letter of credit, transport insurance, commodity inspection, commercial arbitration and the risk of credit counseling have taken precautions and remedial measures, but because people's awareness and understanding of the risks of different degrees, and some means of a commercial nature, coupled with the inexperience of the management of enterprises and other factors, all of these instruments have not been used, making trade risk still exists.
(4) technical risks. One of the benefits of lease financing before other enterprises is the introction of advanced technology and equipment. In the actual course of the operation, or advanced technology, advanced technology is mature, mature technology for the legal rights and interests of others, is an important risk a technical reasons. Serious, e to technical problems so that equipment in a state of paralysis. Other risks include the economic environment, force majeure, and so on.
[Edit] the accounting treatment of lease financing
[Edit], the tenant on the accounting treatment of lease financing
1, the start of the lease accounting treatment
At the start of the lease, the tenant will usually be the start of the lease rental assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the lower of the two leased assets as recorded value of the minimum lease payments as a long-term payables recorded value, and the difference between the two records is not recognised financing costs. However, if the assets of the leasing assets of the enterprise small proportion of the total, the tenant may be the start of the lease in the minimum lease payment records of assets and long-term rent payments. This time, the "proportional" not usually refers to fixed assets financed by leasing the lessee total assets total less than 30% (including 30%). Under such circumstances, rent for the financing of long-term assets and the determination of the amount e, the tenant may, at its option, which can be used minimum lease payments, and can also be used leasing assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the two in the lower. Then what "leasing the original book value of assets" refers to the start of the lease rental, as reflected in the accounts, the book value of the leased asset.
Lessee in the calculation of the minimum lease payments at the current value, if the lessor that the interest rate implicit in the lease, the lessor should be used as the interest rate implicit in the discount rate, otherwise, shall be stipulated in the lease contract interest rate as the discount rate . If the lessor's interest rate implicit in the lease and rental rates stipulated in the contract are not available, it should be used over the same period interest rates on bank loans as the discount rate. Which is implicit in the lease rates, in the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments and the present value of the unsecured portion of the resial value of the current value of assets and equivalent to the original book value of the discount rate.
2, the initial direct costs of the accounting treatment
Initial direct costs refer to the lease negotiations and the signing of the lease agreement occurred in the course of the lease can be directly attributable to the cost of the project. Lessee in the initial direct costs usually have stamp ty, commission, attorney fees, travel expenses, such as the costs of negotiations. Lessee in the initial direct costs should be recognised as an expense in the current period. Accounts for its handling: debit "management fees" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
3, no finance charge assessed
In the finance lease, the lessee to the lessor to pay the rent, include the repayment of principal and interest in two parts. Lessee to pay rent, on the one hand to rece long-term payables, on the other hand, while not confirmed by the leasing costs for a certain method to confirm the current financing costs, the first rent (that is, initially matching each rental payment) Under the circumstances, the lease term is the first phase of rent paid no interest, should only rece the long-term payments, not to confirm the current financing costs.
Not sharing in the finance costs, the lessee should be used to calculate certain way. According to the guidelines, the lessee can be used in real interest rates, the straight-line method can also be used and the number of years of combined law. In using the effective interest method, in accordance with the inception of the lease is a lease assets and liabilities are recorded based on the value of different financing costs assessment rate options are also different. No finance charge assessed specific divided into the following types:
(1), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments accounted for the present value of value to the investor and the interest rate implicit in the lease for the discount rate. Under such circumstances, investors should be the interest rate implicit in the lease for the assessment rate.
(2), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments for the present value of recorded value, and to lease contract provides for the interest rate as the discount rate. In such circumstances, should be stipulated in the lease contract as the rate of assessment rates.
(3), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist resial value guarantees and preferential purchase right to choose. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. Financing cost-sharing rate refers to the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments equal to the present value of lease assets in the original book value of the discount rate. In the lessee or related to the leased asset resial value of the third-party security situation, and the similar, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.
(4), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist guaranteed resial value, but there is preferential option to purchase. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. At the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.
(5), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset value accounted for, and the existence of the lessee guaranteed resial value.
Under such circumstances, the cost-sharing should be re-financing rate. Related to the lessee or third parties on the resial value of leased assets as security has been provided or not at the end of the lease renewal and to pay a penalty of circumstances, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to the guaranteed resial value, or to be paid by the breach.
Lessee shall pay each of the rent shall be the amount of rent paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," subjects, credited to "bank" subjects, if payment of rent, which includes compliance costs, At the same time debit should be "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects. At the same time should be recognized in accordance with the current amount of the finance charge, debit "financial costs" subjects, credited the "no finance charge" subjects.
4, the leased asset depreciation Provision
Tenants should finance the lessee Provision for depreciation of fixed assets, should address two main issues:
(1), depreciation policy
Provision for asset depreciation, lease, the tenant should be its own assets Provision line depreciation method. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset security has been provided, should be credited for the amount of depreciation on fixed assets, and the inception of the lease accounting resial value after decting the value of the balance. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset resial value of the security has been provided, the total amount of depreciation should be credited for the start of the lease value of fixed assets recorded.
(2), the depreciation period
Identify the leased asset depreciation period, should be in accordance with the lease contract. If reasonable certainty that the lessee at the end of the lessee will obtain ownership of the leased asset, the lessee can be identified with all of the assets of the remaining useful life, and should therefore be the start of the lease to lease the remaining useful life of assets as depreciation period; If you can not reasonably determine whether the lease to the lessee at the end of the lease ownership of the assets to be made to the lease period and the remaining useful life of the leased asset in the shorter of the two as the depreciation period.
5, the accounting treatment of compliance costs
Many types of compliance costs, rent for the financing of fixed assets improved expenditure, technical advice and service charges, fees should be increased staff training credited to the extension of sharing costs, debit "long-term prepaid expenses," and "accrued expenses" , "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects, the fixed assets regular maintenance, insurance, etc. can be directly charged to expense in the current period, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank deposits, "wait until the subjects.
6, or the accounting treatment of rent
Since the rent or the amount of uncertainty, unable to adopt a rational approach to its system for sharing, in the actual event, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
7, at the end of the lease accounting treatment
At the end of lease, the tenant on the lease is usually the disposition of the assets of three circumstances:
(1), the return of the leased asset. Debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," and "accumulated depreciation" subjects, credited "fixed assets - fixed assets financed by leasing all" subjects.
(2), renewable lease concession assets. If the lessee to exercise the right to choose renewable concession, the lease shall be deemed to have been made the presence of the corresponding accounting treatment. If no expiry of renewal, to the lessor under the lease contract to pay a penalty, debit "operating expenses" subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
(3), stay purchase the leased asset. In the lessee enjoy preferential purchase right to choose, purchase price paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance lease," credited "bank" and other subjects at the same time, will be fixed assets from "all fixed assets financed by leasing" Details Details of the other subjects into subjects.
I. 写过关于中小企业融资问题的外国作者有哪些
Hirofumi Uchida 日本人
J. 急求一篇关于中小企业融资问题的外文期刊或文章
对,
肯定哈好