same的融资_融资计划怎么写

⑴ 英文翻译“融资融券”的定义：“融资融券”又称“证券信用交易”，是指投资者向证券公司提供担保物，借入

上面说的没错,你想问的问题呢,你是想要英文版的?

⑵ 【求一篇关于企业筹资的英文资料】

http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Y92LRlveH_oC&pg=PA340&lpg=PA340&dq=enterprise+raise+money&source=web&ots=Bq4bIYKUgR&sig=K8vJYIikf2pfoJeJrYiLCHZ6k5s&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result

Enterprise Raising Money

The Errars and Countermeasures of Raising Money in Enterise
WANG Pei(Accounting Department;Nanjing Teachers University;Nanjing 210037;China)
Raising money is the first link in enterprise Concting financial transactions.It will exert an important influence in financial operating.Owing to restriction on subjective and objective conditions,There are some errors in enterprise raising money,Such as laying more stress on stock market than on bond market,and laying more stress on raising money than keeping and rising in value.Therefore We should make further improvement on capital market,especially on bond market.The enterprise also should change concept to great extent and improve their conction of raising money.
【Keyword】：raising money;finance;errors;countermeasure
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This section offers advice to entrepreneurs on seeking finance, and highlights a number of key sources well disposed toward investing in sustainable enterprises. It assumes the reader has some experience in business finance and that, if not, they will seek basic resource materials and qualified financial advisors.

Businesses the world over are built on the pillars of ingenuity, hard work, demand for procts and services, and money.

The growth of sustainable enterprises requires an infusion of finance and investment - debt and equity. However, because the concept of sustainable enterprise is relatively new, securing the necessary funding from conservative capital markets can be a challenge.

The relative unpredictability of environmental business sectors has led North American lenders and investors to focus on risk and liability avoidance. Although some investors have recently added positive environmental or social screens to their evaluations, these organizations and indivials are primarily in the secondary or stock markets, and are not particularly relevant for investing in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs).

Environmentally sustainable enterprises must also improve their financial performance if sufficient new capital is to be attracted to the market.

Sustainability can add value, in terms of the economic, environmental and social objectives of communities and nations. This thinking translates the concept of sustainability into language that the average businessperson comprehends. The business that does not add value to a proct or service will be forced to leave the marketplace, especially in today's increasingly competitive global economy.

The Business Council for Sustainable Development (BCSD) argues that eco-efficiency is a key requirement of sustainable business. Eco-efficient activities bring lower costs and economic gain, which is attractive to capital markets. Companies becoming eco-efficient, as well as those supplying the technology, goods, and services that make the transition possible, will benefit.

Some investors are beginning to recognize that unsustainable practices can adversely affect business performance. New York City Comptroller Elizabeth Holtzman, declared that:

'As the emerging owner of corporate America, with a financial and future stake in corporate activity, pension funds have an obligation to speak up. Poor management decisions, sloppy stewardship of natural resources, inattention to the consequences of wasteful and hazardous proction practices, can shrink the present return on our investments, and - a more sobering prospect - diminish our world.'

Sustainable enterprises offer new opportunities through which investors and entrepreneurs can find common ground. For investors, the transition will involve developing a long-term strategy and an appreciation of opportunities in sustainable markets. Entrepreneurs will have to develop commercially attractive, sustainable enterprise opportunities, and learn how to gain access to investors who are enthusiastic about this type of market.

'Sustainable investment' is a relatively new concept, but is basically an innovative way of reconciling environmental preservation and social responsibility with economic activity, and then adding value to it all. Sustainable investment is a sophisticated way of shifting capital to companies (particularly SMEs) that are smart enough to position themselves to take advantage of opportunities arising from the new marketplace.

Sustainable investment is the same as traditional investment in that it is placed in companies that do the fundamentals well. Growth projections are based on sound management and business principles.

Sustainable investment favours SMEs that:

Have identified and developed emerging markets for their procts and services;
Devise and market technologies (both 'hard' and 'soft') that meet pressing environmental, social and economic needs;
Use every environmental efficiency that is economically viable.
However, sustainable investment differs from traditional investment in that money will come first from investors who share an understanding of the new economic paradigm of sustainability. As the sector demonstrates its ability to generate competitive returns, more investors will be attracted into it.

The challenge for sustainable entrepreneurs is to appreciate the distinct features of sustainable investment and to understand what they mean to business planning and efforts to attract capital.

⑶ 麻烦高手帮我翻译一段话

Abstract】:Financial structure is the base of providing advice to the management for making business decisions,the choice of financing structure in largely determines the performance of the company.The theories empirical research put forward by the western developed countries suggest:A certain amount of liabilities do good to increase its value;In the same time,Corporate finance needs to be put into orders,that's to say,the preferred endogenous Corporate finance.If it needs exogenous Corporate finance,we should take debt financing as preference,then the stock issuance .However,the studies of China show that the pecking order of trading enterprises in China have conflicts with the pecking order theory of Western contemporary Capital Structure Theory.
【KeyWords】：上市公司trading enterprise;融资结构Financial structure；绩效分析performance analysis

⑷ 急求一篇关于中小企业融资的英文文献，要有中文翻译

Automatically translated text:
The definition of lease financing
Finance leases (Financial Leasing) also known as the Equipment Leasing (Equipment Leasing), or modern leasing (Modern Leasing), and is essentially transfer ownership of the assets of all or most of the risks and rewards of the lease. The ultimate ownership of assets to be transferred, or may not transfer.

It refers to the specific content of the lessee to the lessor under the lease object and the specific requirements of the supplier selection, vendor financing to purchase rental property, and the use of leased to a lessee, the lessee to the lessor to pay instalments rent, the lease term lease ownership of objects belonging to the lessor of all, the tenant has the right to use the leased items. Term expired, and finished the lessee to pay rent under the lease contract financing to fulfil obligations in full, leasing objects that vesting ownership of all the lessee. Despite the finance lease transactions, the lessors have the identity of the purchase of equipment, but the substantive content of the purchase of equipment suppliers such as the choice of the specific requirements of the equipment, the conditions of the purchase contract negotiations by the lessee enjoy and exercise, lessee leasing object is essentially the purchaser. , Is a finance lease extension of loans and trade and technology updates in the new integrated financial instry. Because of its extension of loans and combination of features, there is a problem in leasing companies can recycling, treatment of leasing, and so the financing for the enterprise credit and secured the main requirement, it is very suitable for SME financing. In addition, the leasing of sheet financing, not reflected in the financial statements of the enterprise liability, does not affect the credit status of enterprises. This multi-channel financing needs of SMEs in terms of it is very beneficial.

Leasing and financing lease of a traditional nature of the difference is: traditional lease to the tenant leasing the use of objects of the time rent, and finance lease financing costs to the tenant occupying the time of rental. The market economy develops to a certain stage and the adaptation of a strong financing, in the 1950s in the United States have a new type of trading, as it adapted to the requirements of modern economic development, in the 60 to 70 the rapid development in the world, and today has become a business update equipment one of the main means of financing, known as the "sunrise instry." China in the early 1980s after the introction of this operational modalities for over 10 years has been the rapid development, compared with developed countries, the advantages of leasing is far from being played out, the market potential is huge.

[Edit] the main characteristics of the leasing
The main characteristics of the leasing is: the ownership of objects as leasing is the lessor in order to control the risk of the tenant rent reimbursement taken a form of ownership, at the end of the contract could eventually be transferred to the lessee, the lease purchase items from lease people choose, maintenance from the tenant responsible for the lessor to provide financial services only. Rent calculation principles are: to lease the lessor objects based on the purchase price, occupied by the lessee to the lessor of funds based on time, according to a mutually agreed rental rates. It is essentially dependent on the traditional leasing financial transactions, is a special kind of financial instruments.

[Edit] the type of lease financing
1. Simple financing lease

Financing lease is a simple, by the lessee choose to purchase the rental property, the lessor on the lease project through risk assessment after the rental lease to the lessee the use of objects. Throughout the lease period the lessee does not enjoy the right to use the title, and is responsible for repair and maintenance of leasing objects. The lessor's lease is good or bad thing without any liability, equipment depreciation in the tenant side.

2. Leveraged lease financing

Leveraged leasing practices similar to syndicated loans, is a specialized leasing to large-scale projects with the tax benefits of lease financing, mainly led by a leasing company as a trunk, and for the lease of a very large project financing. First set up a leasing company from the operation of the main institutions - a project-based fund management company set up projects to provide more than 20% of the total amount of funds, and the remaining part was the main source of funds banks and social absorb idle idle funds, the use of 100 percent enjoy low tax benefits "in the eight Bo" leverage for the leasing project large amount of funds. The remaining financing and leasing practices are basically the same, but because of the complexity of the contract covers a wide range and even greater. As can enjoy tax benefits, operating norms, comprehensive benefits, and recovery of rent safe, low-cost, and are generally used for aircraft, ships, communications equipment and large complete sets of equipment lease financing.

3. Commissioned by the Financial Leasing

Is a way to have the funds or equipment entrusted to non-bank financial institutions in the financing lease, the lessor is also the first client, the second is the trustee of the lessor at the same time. The lessor to accept the client's money or lease of the subject matter, according to the client's written by the client designated for the lessee of the leasing business. In the subject of the lease term lease of the property of the client, the lessor only charges, not to take risks. Such leasing commissioned a major characteristic is not to lease the right to operate the enterprise, "by the right" business. E-commerce is on the lease by lease rental as a business platform.

The second is the lessor or lessee commissioned by the lease purchase of a third person, the lessor under the contract to pay the purchase price, also known as commissioned by the lease purchase financing.

4. Project finance leasing

Lessee to project their own property and to ensure efficiency, and the lessor signed a finance lease contract, the lessor to the lessee of the property and other projects without recourse to the proceeds, we can only rent charged to the project's cash flow and profitability to determine. The seller (that is leasing goods manufacturers) through their holding leasing companies to promote their procts in this way, and expand market share. Communications equipment, medical equipment, transportation equipment, or even the right to operate highway can be used this way. Others, including the return of leasing, also known as sale and leaseback financing leasing; financing to leasing, also known as the financing to leasing.

[Edit] the risk of lease financing
Finance leases from the risk of many uncertain factors, is multifaceted and interrelated, in the full understanding of the operational activities of the characteristics of various risks can be comprehensive, scientific analysis of risks to formulate corresponding measures. The risk of financing leasing main categories as follows:

(1) proct market risks. In the market environment, regardless of the financing lease, loan or investment, as long as the funds used to purchase equipment or to carry out technological transformation, first of all, should consider leasing equipment procts market risks, which need to know to sell the procts, market share rate and occupancy, proct trends in the development of the market, the consumption structure and the mentality of the consumers and consumption capacity. If these factors are not fully understand, the survey are not careful, and may increase the market risk.

(2) financial risks. For the leasing of a financial nature, financial risks throughout the entire business activities. The lessor, the biggest risk is that the lessee is also rent capacity, it has a direct impact on the operation of leasing companies and survival, therefore, the risk of also rent from the project began, it should be cause for concern.

Currency also have risks, especially international payments, methods of payment, payment date, time, the remittance channels and means of payment options improperly, will increase the risk.

(3) Trade risk. For the leasing of a trade properties, the risks of trade negotiations to orders from the acceptance testing there is a risk. The merchandise trade in the modern development of a relatively complete, the community is also supporting the establishment of corresponding institutions and preventive measures, such as a letter of credit, transport insurance, commodity inspection, commercial arbitration and the risk of credit counseling have taken precautions and remedial measures, but because people's awareness and understanding of the risks of different degrees, and some means of a commercial nature, coupled with the inexperience of the management of enterprises and other factors, all of these instruments have not been used, making trade risk still exists.

(4) technical risks. One of the benefits of lease financing before other enterprises is the introction of advanced technology and equipment. In the actual course of the operation, or advanced technology, advanced technology is mature, mature technology for the legal rights and interests of others, is an important risk a technical reasons. Serious, e to technical problems so that equipment in a state of paralysis. Other risks include the economic environment, force majeure, and so on.

[Edit] the accounting treatment of lease financing
[Edit], the tenant on the accounting treatment of lease financing
1, the start of the lease accounting treatment

At the start of the lease, the tenant will usually be the start of the lease rental assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the lower of the two leased assets as recorded value of the minimum lease payments as a long-term payables recorded value, and the difference between the two records is not recognised financing costs. However, if the assets of the leasing assets of the enterprise small proportion of the total, the tenant may be the start of the lease in the minimum lease payment records of assets and long-term rent payments. This time, the "proportional" not usually refers to fixed assets financed by leasing the lessee total assets total less than 30% (including 30%). Under such circumstances, rent for the financing of long-term assets and the determination of the amount e, the tenant may, at its option, which can be used minimum lease payments, and can also be used leasing assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the two in the lower. Then what "leasing the original book value of assets" refers to the start of the lease rental, as reflected in the accounts, the book value of the leased asset.

Lessee in the calculation of the minimum lease payments at the current value, if the lessor that the interest rate implicit in the lease, the lessor should be used as the interest rate implicit in the discount rate, otherwise, shall be stipulated in the lease contract interest rate as the discount rate . If the lessor's interest rate implicit in the lease and rental rates stipulated in the contract are not available, it should be used over the same period interest rates on bank loans as the discount rate. Which is implicit in the lease rates, in the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments and the present value of the unsecured portion of the resial value of the current value of assets and equivalent to the original book value of the discount rate.

2, the initial direct costs of the accounting treatment

Initial direct costs refer to the lease negotiations and the signing of the lease agreement occurred in the course of the lease can be directly attributable to the cost of the project. Lessee in the initial direct costs usually have stamp ty, commission, attorney fees, travel expenses, such as the costs of negotiations. Lessee in the initial direct costs should be recognised as an expense in the current period. Accounts for its handling: debit "management fees" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.

3, no finance charge assessed

In the finance lease, the lessee to the lessor to pay the rent, include the repayment of principal and interest in two parts. Lessee to pay rent, on the one hand to rece long-term payables, on the other hand, while not confirmed by the leasing costs for a certain method to confirm the current financing costs, the first rent (that is, initially matching each rental payment) Under the circumstances, the lease term is the first phase of rent paid no interest, should only rece the long-term payments, not to confirm the current financing costs.

Not sharing in the finance costs, the lessee should be used to calculate certain way. According to the guidelines, the lessee can be used in real interest rates, the straight-line method can also be used and the number of years of combined law. In using the effective interest method, in accordance with the inception of the lease is a lease assets and liabilities are recorded based on the value of different financing costs assessment rate options are also different. No finance charge assessed specific divided into the following types:

(1), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments accounted for the present value of value to the investor and the interest rate implicit in the lease for the discount rate. Under such circumstances, investors should be the interest rate implicit in the lease for the assessment rate.

(2), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments for the present value of recorded value, and to lease contract provides for the interest rate as the discount rate. In such circumstances, should be stipulated in the lease contract as the rate of assessment rates.

(3), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist resial value guarantees and preferential purchase right to choose. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. Financing cost-sharing rate refers to the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments equal to the present value of lease assets in the original book value of the discount rate. In the lessee or related to the leased asset resial value of the third-party security situation, and the similar, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.

(4), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist guaranteed resial value, but there is preferential option to purchase. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. At the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.

(5), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset value accounted for, and the existence of the lessee guaranteed resial value.

Under such circumstances, the cost-sharing should be re-financing rate. Related to the lessee or third parties on the resial value of leased assets as security has been provided or not at the end of the lease renewal and to pay a penalty of circumstances, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to the guaranteed resial value, or to be paid by the breach.

Lessee shall pay each of the rent shall be the amount of rent paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," subjects, credited to "bank" subjects, if payment of rent, which includes compliance costs, At the same time debit should be "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects. At the same time should be recognized in accordance with the current amount of the finance charge, debit "financial costs" subjects, credited the "no finance charge" subjects.

4, the leased asset depreciation Provision

Tenants should finance the lessee Provision for depreciation of fixed assets, should address two main issues:

(1), depreciation policy

Provision for asset depreciation, lease, the tenant should be its own assets Provision line depreciation method. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset security has been provided, should be credited for the amount of depreciation on fixed assets, and the inception of the lease accounting resial value after decting the value of the balance. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset resial value of the security has been provided, the total amount of depreciation should be credited for the start of the lease value of fixed assets recorded.

(2), the depreciation period

Identify the leased asset depreciation period, should be in accordance with the lease contract. If reasonable certainty that the lessee at the end of the lessee will obtain ownership of the leased asset, the lessee can be identified with all of the assets of the remaining useful life, and should therefore be the start of the lease to lease the remaining useful life of assets as depreciation period; If you can not reasonably determine whether the lease to the lessee at the end of the lease ownership of the assets to be made to the lease period and the remaining useful life of the leased asset in the shorter of the two as the depreciation period.

5, the accounting treatment of compliance costs

Many types of compliance costs, rent for the financing of fixed assets improved expenditure, technical advice and service charges, fees should be increased staff training credited to the extension of sharing costs, debit "long-term prepaid expenses," and "accrued expenses" , "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects, the fixed assets regular maintenance, insurance, etc. can be directly charged to expense in the current period, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank deposits, "wait until the subjects.

6, or the accounting treatment of rent

Since the rent or the amount of uncertainty, unable to adopt a rational approach to its system for sharing, in the actual event, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.

7, at the end of the lease accounting treatment

At the end of lease, the tenant on the lease is usually the disposition of the assets of three circumstances:

(1), the return of the leased asset. Debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," and "accumulated depreciation" subjects, credited "fixed assets - fixed assets financed by leasing all" subjects.

(2), renewable lease concession assets. If the lessee to exercise the right to choose renewable concession, the lease shall be deemed to have been made the presence of the corresponding accounting treatment. If no expiry of renewal, to the lessor under the lease contract to pay a penalty, debit "operating expenses" subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.

(3), stay purchase the leased asset. In the lessee enjoy preferential purchase right to choose, purchase price paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance lease," credited "bank" and other subjects at the same time, will be fixed assets from "all fixed assets financed by leasing" Details Details of the other subjects into subjects.

字数太多，翻译另答~~~~~~

⑸ 融资计划怎么写

一份好的商业计划书，哪些因素起到决定作用？

BP的页数：看似一个简单的文稿处理工作，其实起到了敲门的作用，对于绝大部分早期项目，BP不应该超过20页PPT的信息量。许多投资人对于超过20页的BP，内心是抵触的，更有些创始人为了追求美观，用了太多设计图片，造成一份BP超过20M，投资人在收到这类BP的时候，如果周边信号不佳，很大可能是不会选择下载查看，这样就白白错过了许多机会。

BP的逻辑：这点是一份BP的核心价值，每个投资人一天要看的BP不会少于20份，能从这几十份BP中脱颖而出，让投资人牢牢记住你的项目，靠的就是清晰的逻辑。另外投资人看BP通常都是快速扫描，甚至一分钟读完。所以一定要直奔主题，讲重点，在最短的篇幅内讲述自己项目的商业逻辑。

BP的美观：之前说过有些创始人为了追求美观，过度包装造成BP过大，这一点是不可取的，不过适当的颜色搭配选择，还是可以让投资人在大量垃圾BP中耳目一新的。“创业者不要过于迷信模板，相信你干的事情是独一无二的，不建议代为撰写BP，亲自撰写与修改BP也是对自己创业逻辑的一次次梳理，最终面对投资人的也是创业者自己，代写人无法取代。

投资人阅读商业计划书（BP）后需得出3大核心1、你要做什么（what）？你的产品或服务到底有什么价值2、怎么做（how）？你是不是有执行能力和成功的把握3、怎么赚钱（商业模式）、怎么分钱与需要多少钱（融多少资金）

商业计划书的主要框架

商业计划的主要框架主要从事（内事和外事）、人和钱三个部分。商业计划书的框架模型主要分为如下图所示四大部分和十二小节。

二、以下从12个小节介绍商业计划书的撰写细节和注意事

1、项目定位项目定位：通过一句话简明扼要地介绍你们的项目是什么，项目定位介绍写在商业计划书首页，让人一眼就知道你们是干什么的。

2、提出问题（市场痛点在哪里）提出问题：现有的客户需求哪些没有被满足，市场痛点在哪里，市场需求是创业的基础，很多创业者提出的需求多为伪需求或非刚性需求，在确认市场需求的过程中也是创业者在找差异化，如果创业的方向都没有抓住，自然很难获得投资人的青睐，创业需要对自己和对别人负责任，市场需求的了解和深入至关重要。

3、解决方案（产品与服务）解决方案：通过哪些方法与方式解决市场痛点。

4、市场分析（市场容量）市场分析：需要证明市场需求的存在以及这个需求市场容量

5、进入策略（如何启动）进入策略：项目从无到有，如何启动？

6、竞争优势（竞争对手）竞争优势：行业内的竞争对手有哪些，项目的核心竞争力在哪里？

7、核心团队（团队背景）核心团队：核心团队的背景履历，以及要表明为什么你们的团队能干这个事情

8、执行现状（已做的事情）执行现状：目前项目已经进展到什么程度，已经做的事情做个说明

9、计划目标（未来前景）计划目标：未来一段时间需要干的事情有哪些

10、商业模式（怎么赚钱）商业模式：如何赚钱的问题，在什么时间点能够做到盈亏平衡

11、股权结构（怎么分钱）股权结构：创始人及核心团队的股权结构，决定未来长远发展基础

12、融资计划（需要多少钱）融资计划：需要多少钱干这个事情

13、如果不会写可以找“云对接”代写，还可以免费对接投资人。

⑹ 请教几个词的英文翻译： 1、质押融资通知表 2、质押融资扣款通知表 3、即时转帐借贷记通知表

4、清算帐户日报表（4th, settlement account day report form）
5、单边业务存取款借方发生额（5th, unilateral service deposit funds debit side has the volume）
6、单边业务借方发生额（6th, the unilateral service debit side has volume）
7、业务信息收费金额（7th, business information charge amount）
8、同城轧差净额贷方发生额（8th, the same city offsets balances net amount credit side to have the volume）

⑺ 急求一篇关于中小企业融资的英文文献,字书10000字左右,万分感谢

⑻ 谁能给我一份并购融资的英文文献啊，急！！！！

⑼ 中英对照关于中小企业融资问题的！

1万字的
Automatically translated text:
The definition of lease financing
Finance leases (Financial Leasing) also known as the Equipment Leasing (Equipment Leasing), or modern leasing (Modern Leasing), and is essentially transfer ownership of the assets of all or most of the risks and rewards of the lease. The ultimate ownership of assets to be transferred, or may not transfer.

It refers to the specific content of the lessee to the lessor under the lease object and the specific requirements of the supplier selection, vendor financing to purchase rental property, and the use of leased to a lessee, the lessee to the lessor to pay instalments rent, the lease term lease ownership of objects belonging to the lessor of all, the tenant has the right to use the leased items. Term expired, and finished the lessee to pay rent under the lease contract financing to fulfil obligations in full, leasing objects that vesting ownership of all the lessee. Despite the finance lease transactions, the lessors have the identity of the purchase of equipment, but the substantive content of the purchase of equipment suppliers such as the choice of the specific requirements of the equipment, the conditions of the purchase contract negotiations by the lessee enjoy and exercise, lessee leasing object is essentially the purchaser. , Is a finance lease extension of loans and trade and technology updates in the new integrated financial instry. Because of its extension of loans and combination of features, there is a problem in leasing companies can recycling, treatment of leasing, and so the financing for the enterprise credit and secured the main requirement, it is very suitable for SME financing. In addition, the leasing of sheet financing, not reflected in the financial statements of the enterprise liability, does not affect the credit status of enterprises. This multi-channel financing needs of SMEs in terms of it is very beneficial.

Leasing and financing lease of a traditional nature of the difference is: traditional lease to the tenant leasing the use of objects of the time rent, and finance lease financing costs to the tenant occupying the time of rental. The market economy develops to a certain stage and the adaptation of a strong financing, in the 1950s in the United States have a new type of trading, as it adapted to the requirements of modern economic development, in the 60 to 70 the rapid development in the world, and today has become a business update equipment one of the main means of financing, known as the "sunrise instry." China in the early 1980s after the introction of this operational modalities for over 10 years has been the rapid development, compared with developed countries, the advantages of leasing is far from being played out, the market potential is huge.

[Edit] the main characteristics of the leasing
The main characteristics of the leasing is: the ownership of objects as leasing is the lessor in order to control the risk of the tenant rent reimbursement taken a form of ownership, at the end of the contract could eventually be transferred to the lessee, the lease purchase items from lease people choose, maintenance from the tenant responsible for the lessor to provide financial services only. Rent calculation principles are: to lease the lessor objects based on the purchase price, occupied by the lessee to the lessor of funds based on time, according to a mutually agreed rental rates. It is essentially dependent on the traditional leasing financial transactions, is a special kind of financial instruments.

[Edit] the type of lease financing
1. Simple financing lease

Financing lease is a simple, by the lessee choose to purchase the rental property, the lessor on the lease project through risk assessment after the rental lease to the lessee the use of objects. Throughout the lease period the lessee does not enjoy the right to use the title, and is responsible for repair and maintenance of leasing objects. The lessor's lease is good or bad thing without any liability, equipment depreciation in the tenant side.

2. Leveraged lease financing

Leveraged leasing practices similar to syndicated loans, is a specialized leasing to large-scale projects with the tax benefits of lease financing, mainly led by a leasing company as a trunk, and for the lease of a very large project financing. First set up a leasing company from the operation of the main institutions - a project-based fund management company set up projects to provide more than 20% of the total amount of funds, and the remaining part was the main source of funds banks and social absorb idle idle funds, the use of 100 percent enjoy low tax benefits "in the eight Bo" leverage for the leasing project large amount of funds. The remaining financing and leasing practices are basically the same, but because of the complexity of the contract covers a wide range and even greater. As can enjoy tax benefits, operating norms, comprehensive benefits, and recovery of rent safe, low-cost, and are generally used for aircraft, ships, communications equipment and large complete sets of equipment lease financing.

3. Commissioned by the Financial Leasing

Is a way to have the funds or equipment entrusted to non-bank financial institutions in the financing lease, the lessor is also the first client, the second is the trustee of the lessor at the same time. The lessor to accept the client's money or lease of the subject matter, according to the client's written by the client designated for the lessee of the leasing business. In the subject of the lease term lease of the property of the client, the lessor only charges, not to take risks. Such leasing commissioned a major characteristic is not to lease the right to operate the enterprise, "by the right" business. E-commerce is on the lease by lease rental as a business platform.

The second is the lessor or lessee commissioned by the lease purchase of a third person, the lessor under the contract to pay the purchase price, also known as commissioned by the lease purchase financing.

4. Project finance leasing

Lessee to project their own property and to ensure efficiency, and the lessor signed a finance lease contract, the lessor to the lessee of the property and other projects without recourse to the proceeds, we can only rent charged to the project's cash flow and profitability to determine. The seller (that is leasing goods manufacturers) through their holding leasing companies to promote their procts in this way, and expand market share. Communications equipment, medical equipment, transportation equipment, or even the right to operate highway can be used this way. Others, including the return of leasing, also known as sale and leaseback financing leasing; financing to leasing, also known as the financing to leasing.

[Edit] the risk of lease financing
Finance leases from the risk of many uncertain factors, is multifaceted and interrelated, in the full understanding of the operational activities of the characteristics of various risks can be comprehensive, scientific analysis of risks to formulate corresponding measures. The risk of financing leasing main categories as follows:

(1) proct market risks. In the market environment, regardless of the financing lease, loan or investment, as long as the funds used to purchase equipment or to carry out technological transformation, first of all, should consider leasing equipment procts market risks, which need to know to sell the procts, market share rate and occupancy, proct trends in the development of the market, the consumption structure and the mentality of the consumers and consumption capacity. If these factors are not fully understand, the survey are not careful, and may increase the market risk.

(2) financial risks. For the leasing of a financial nature, financial risks throughout the entire business activities. The lessor, the biggest risk is that the lessee is also rent capacity, it has a direct impact on the operation of leasing companies and survival, therefore, the risk of also rent from the project began, it should be cause for concern.

Currency also have risks, especially international payments, methods of payment, payment date, time, the remittance channels and means of payment options improperly, will increase the risk.

(3) Trade risk. For the leasing of a trade properties, the risks of trade negotiations to orders from the acceptance testing there is a risk. The merchandise trade in the modern development of a relatively complete, the community is also supporting the establishment of corresponding institutions and preventive measures, such as a letter of credit, transport insurance, commodity inspection, commercial arbitration and the risk of credit counseling have taken precautions and remedial measures, but because people's awareness and understanding of the risks of different degrees, and some means of a commercial nature, coupled with the inexperience of the management of enterprises and other factors, all of these instruments have not been used, making trade risk still exists.

(4) technical risks. One of the benefits of lease financing before other enterprises is the introction of advanced technology and equipment. In the actual course of the operation, or advanced technology, advanced technology is mature, mature technology for the legal rights and interests of others, is an important risk a technical reasons. Serious, e to technical problems so that equipment in a state of paralysis. Other risks include the economic environment, force majeure, and so on.

[Edit] the accounting treatment of lease financing
[Edit], the tenant on the accounting treatment of lease financing
1, the start of the lease accounting treatment

At the start of the lease, the tenant will usually be the start of the lease rental assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the lower of the two leased assets as recorded value of the minimum lease payments as a long-term payables recorded value, and the difference between the two records is not recognised financing costs. However, if the assets of the leasing assets of the enterprise small proportion of the total, the tenant may be the start of the lease in the minimum lease payment records of assets and long-term rent payments. This time, the "proportional" not usually refers to fixed assets financed by leasing the lessee total assets total less than 30% (including 30%). Under such circumstances, rent for the financing of long-term assets and the determination of the amount e, the tenant may, at its option, which can be used minimum lease payments, and can also be used leasing assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the two in the lower. Then what "leasing the original book value of assets" refers to the start of the lease rental, as reflected in the accounts, the book value of the leased asset.

Lessee in the calculation of the minimum lease payments at the current value, if the lessor that the interest rate implicit in the lease, the lessor should be used as the interest rate implicit in the discount rate, otherwise, shall be stipulated in the lease contract interest rate as the discount rate . If the lessor's interest rate implicit in the lease and rental rates stipulated in the contract are not available, it should be used over the same period interest rates on bank loans as the discount rate. Which is implicit in the lease rates, in the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments and the present value of the unsecured portion of the resial value of the current value of assets and equivalent to the original book value of the discount rate.

2, the initial direct costs of the accounting treatment

Initial direct costs refer to the lease negotiations and the signing of the lease agreement occurred in the course of the lease can be directly attributable to the cost of the project. Lessee in the initial direct costs usually have stamp ty, commission, attorney fees, travel expenses, such as the costs of negotiations. Lessee in the initial direct costs should be recognised as an expense in the current period. Accounts for its handling: debit "management fees" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.

3, no finance charge assessed

In the finance lease, the lessee to the lessor to pay the rent, include the repayment of principal and interest in two parts. Lessee to pay rent, on the one hand to rece long-term payables, on the other hand, while not confirmed by the leasing costs for a certain method to confirm the current financing costs, the first rent (that is, initially matching each rental payment) Under the circumstances, the lease term is the first phase of rent paid no interest, should only rece the long-term payments, not to confirm the current financing costs.

Not sharing in the finance costs, the lessee should be used to calculate certain way. According to the guidelines, the lessee can be used in real interest rates, the straight-line method can also be used and the number of years of combined law. In using the effective interest method, in accordance with the inception of the lease is a lease assets and liabilities are recorded based on the value of different financing costs assessment rate options are also different. No finance charge assessed specific divided into the following types:

(1), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments accounted for the present value of value to the investor and the interest rate implicit in the lease for the discount rate. Under such circumstances, investors should be the interest rate implicit in the lease for the assessment rate.

(2), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments for the present value of recorded value, and to lease contract provides for the interest rate as the discount rate. In such circumstances, should be stipulated in the lease contract as the rate of assessment rates.

(3), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist resial value guarantees and preferential purchase right to choose. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. Financing cost-sharing rate refers to the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments equal to the present value of lease assets in the original book value of the discount rate. In the lessee or related to the leased asset resial value of the third-party security situation, and the similar, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.

(4), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist guaranteed resial value, but there is preferential option to purchase. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. At the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.

(5), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset value accounted for, and the existence of the lessee guaranteed resial value.

Under such circumstances, the cost-sharing should be re-financing rate. Related to the lessee or third parties on the resial value of leased assets as security has been provided or not at the end of the lease renewal and to pay a penalty of circumstances, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to the guaranteed resial value, or to be paid by the breach.

Lessee shall pay each of the rent shall be the amount of rent paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," subjects, credited to "bank" subjects, if payment of rent, which includes compliance costs, At the same time debit should be "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects. At the same time should be recognized in accordance with the current amount of the finance charge, debit "financial costs" subjects, credited the "no finance charge" subjects.

4, the leased asset depreciation Provision

Tenants should finance the lessee Provision for depreciation of fixed assets, should address two main issues:

(1), depreciation policy

Provision for asset depreciation, lease, the tenant should be its own assets Provision line depreciation method. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset security has been provided, should be credited for the amount of depreciation on fixed assets, and the inception of the lease accounting resial value after decting the value of the balance. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset resial value of the security has been provided, the total amount of depreciation should be credited for the start of the lease value of fixed assets recorded.

(2), the depreciation period

Identify the leased asset depreciation period, should be in accordance with the lease contract. If reasonable certainty that the lessee at the end of the lessee will obtain ownership of the leased asset, the lessee can be identified with all of the assets of the remaining useful life, and should therefore be the start of the lease to lease the remaining useful life of assets as depreciation period; If you can not reasonably determine whether the lease to the lessee at the end of the lease ownership of the assets to be made to the lease period and the remaining useful life of the leased asset in the shorter of the two as the depreciation period.

5, the accounting treatment of compliance costs

Many types of compliance costs, rent for the financing of fixed assets improved expenditure, technical advice and service charges, fees should be increased staff training credited to the extension of sharing costs, debit "long-term prepaid expenses," and "accrued expenses" , "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects, the fixed assets regular maintenance, insurance, etc. can be directly charged to expense in the current period, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank deposits, "wait until the subjects.

6, or the accounting treatment of rent

Since the rent or the amount of uncertainty, unable to adopt a rational approach to its system for sharing, in the actual event, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.

7, at the end of the lease accounting treatment

At the end of lease, the tenant on the lease is usually the disposition of the assets of three circumstances:

(1), the return of the leased asset. Debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," and "accumulated depreciation" subjects, credited "fixed assets - fixed assets financed by leasing all" subjects.

(2), renewable lease concession assets. If the lessee to exercise the right to choose renewable concession, the lease shall be deemed to have been made the presence of the corresponding accounting treatment. If no expiry of renewal, to the lessor under the lease contract to pay a penalty, debit "operating expenses" subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.

(3), stay purchase the leased asset. In the lessee enjoy preferential purchase right to choose, purchase price paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance lease," credited "bank" and other subjects at the same time, will be fixed assets from "all fixed assets financed by leasing" Details Details of the other subjects into subjects.

⑽ 求一篇关于企业筹资的英文资料及其中文翻译

物业管理企业作为独立法人，应实行“自主经营、独立核算、自负盈亏”。而物业管理又是劳动密集型的企业，在经济效益中属于微利性的行业，当前除少数物业管理企业略有盈利外，大部分企业处于亏本经营状态，资金紧张，经费问题成为阻碍物业管理发展的“瓶颈”。那么，物业公司应如何筹集资金呢？笔者认为可通过以下几个渠道。

渠道之一是收费。

物业管理企业按收费规定，根据所提供服务的性质、特点、档次、内容、质量等分别确定物业管理收费标准，并报物价部门批准。这是长期稳定的收入来源。

渠道之二是小区维修养护专项基金。

用于小区共用部位、共用设施设备的更新与大中修基金，数额巨大，不能靠日常管理收费来解决，应以基金的形式提取。

1）维修基金的筹集。

对于商品房，购房者与售房单位应当签订有关维修基金缴纳合同。购房者按购房款的2％～3％的比例向售房单位缴交维修基金。售房单位代为收取的维修基金属全体业主共同拥有，不计入住宅销售收入；对于售后公房，售房单位和购房者双向筹集。售房单位按照一定比例从售房款中提取，多层不低于20％，高层不低于30％。如因特殊原因，维修基金不足时，经业主委员会决定，可临时向业主筹集维修费用。

2）维修基金在使用和管理中要专款专用，明确维修基金归全体业主所有，物业管理企业提出计划和预算，经业主委员会批准，委托物业管理企业实际操作使用；业主委员会成立前，维修基金可由政府主管部门代管；维修基金要专户存入银行，接受银行监督检查，不能挪作它用。值得引起注意的是，维修基金不能由物业管理企业直接掌管，企业是短期行为，基金是长期使用。如果物业管理企业聘任到期或遭到解聘，不交回基金，会引起纠纷，直接影响维修基金的安全性。另外，当维修基金数额巨大时，要争取产生最大的增值效益，闲置时，可用于购买国债和其它法律法规允许的投资渠道。另外，维修基金利息净收益转作维修基金滚存使用和管理。

3）对于不按规定建立维修基金或执行标准低于国家标准的，各地应在制定维修基金管理办法细则中明确责任和惩罚办法，否则，由开发商或售房单位代收的维修基金不能及时交给政府主管部门或业主委员会，缺乏监督机制。

4）建议各城市由政府部门建立物业管理维修基金管理中心，将全市的物业维修基金像公积金一样，集中起来专门管理，使之保值、增值，解决居民的后顾之忧。

渠道之三是多种经营收入。

物业管理企业不能只依赖于物业管理收费求得生存，必须走向市场，依靠多种经营弥补物业管理经费的不足。要扩大经营服务领域，通过间接的居住生活服务和各种特约服务，开辟物业管理的经费渠道，通过规模经营和加强管理降低成本，减轻住户的直接物业管理费用。多种经营是物业管理企业筹集资金最好的渠道，也是最有市场前景的发展方向。

渠道之四是开发建设单位给予一定的支持。

开发建设单位向物业管理企业提供启动资金和维修养护费用，即开发商应从开发项目的建设成本中提取1％～2％作为物业管理公司的启动资金；或按建筑面积的一定比例，为物业管理企业优惠提供商业、服务业用房，增加物业管理企业的造血功能，使其以业养业。另外，物业管理企业还可以从开发建设单位获得享有免费维修的权利，以节约费用。

渠道之五是政府多方面的支持。

（1）制定收费的标准，加强管理。目前除市场上的高档商品房外，普通住宅小区还不能完全按市场价收费。（2）对房改房，原产权单位负责支付电梯、高压水泵、供暖等共用设施设备的运行、维修和更新等费用，减轻购房人负担。（3）在金融税收方面提供优惠政策。（4）拨发一定的城市建设维护费，用于小区共用部位、共用设施设备的管理，以减轻小区日常管理费用的负担。（5）在旧小区内，在规划允许的前提下，新建一些商业用房，以成本价或较低的租金提供给物业管理企业，增加住宅小区购物、家政服务等经营性收入，弥补物管经费不足。

渠道之六是介入物业出租代理。

物业管理企业利用自身对物业熟悉的优势，为业主和租房者提供高效优质的专业服务。物业管理企业从事物业出租代理对三方都有好处：对于租房者，不用和业主直接见面，讨价还价，不仅大大减少了交易成本，而且还因有物业管理企业做中介，不会上当受骗；对业主来说，作为投资者不用投入太多精力，即可获得可观回报；对物业管理企业来说，则可利用专业优势获得一定的中介利润。物业管理企业如果能借鉴国外成熟的做法，从事租售代理业务，在增加物业管理企业收益的同时，在一定程度上激活房地产市场。
Property management companies as an independent legal entity, the implementation of "their own decisions, independent accounting, self-financing." And property management are also labor-intensive enterprises in economic profit in the instry belong to the current small number of property management companies in addition to a slight profit, the majority of loss-making enterprises operating in a state of nervous funds, property funds management problem that hinders the the development of the "bottleneck." In that case, the property company to raise funds on how to do? I think through the following channels.

Fees are one of the channels.

Property management fees in accordance with the provisions of enterprises, according to the nature of the services provided, characteristics, grades, content, determine the quality of property management fees, they shall be reported to the approval of the price department. This is a long-term stable source of revenue.

Channels are two of the special fund community conservation repair.

Community site for sharing, sharing of facilities and equipment updates and repair large and medium-sized funds, the amount of huge fees and charges should not rely on management to solve day-to-day should be extracted to fund.

1) repair fund-raising.

For real estate, buyers售房units and enter into a maintenance fund should be paid the contract. Buyers purchase by paragraph 2% to 3% of the proportion of maintenance funds to pay售房units.售房unit repair funds collected on behalf of all owners are jointly owned are not included in residential sales; the sale of public housing,售房units and buyers to raise two-way.售房a certain percentage of units in accordance with the售房款extracted from, not less than 20% of multi-storey high-rise not less than 30%. Such as e to special reasons, lack of maintenance funds, the Committee decided by the owners, the owners temporarily raise the cost of repair.

2) repair at the use and management of the Fund to be used for other purposes, specifically to the repair of all owners of all funds, property management companies to plan and budget approved by the owners of the Committee, commissioned by property management companies to use the actual operation; owners of the Committee prior to the establishment, maintenance fund can be Government departments in charge of the escrow; repair funds into the bank account want to accept supervision and inspection of banks, not only for its intended purpose. Deserve attention, the maintenance fund can not be directly in charge of property management companies, enterprises are short-term behavior, funds are long-term use. If the property management companies by the expiration or termination of appointment, do not return the funds, give rise to disputes, directly affect the safety of a maintenance fund. In addition, when a huge amount of repair funds, we should strive to proce the greatest value-added benefits, when idle, can be used to buy treasury bonds and other laws and regulations permit the investment channels. In addition, net interest on maintenance funds to repair the fund accumulated for the use and management.

3) do not set up a maintenance fund in accordance with the regulations or the implementation of the standard lower than the national standard, and around the repair fund should formulate clear rules management responsibilities and penalties, otherwise售房by the developer or unit of the maintenance fund collection should not timely to the Government department director or owner committees, the lack of oversight mechanisms.

4) recommended that government departments set up by the city property management and maintenance fund management center will be the city's property maintenance fund as Provident Fund, the specialized management together to preserve the value of value-added to resolve the worries of residents.

The three channels are a variety of operating income.

Property management companies should not only rely on property management fees to survive, we need to move to market, to rely on a wide range of property management business to make up for lack of funds. Want to expand the field of business services, through an indirect living services and a variety of special services, property management to open up channels of funding, through the scale of operation and the strengthening of management to rece costs and to relieve the tenants of the direct costs of property management. Diversified property management companies are the best channel to raise funds, and most have the direction of development of market prospects.

Channels are the development and construction of four units must be given support.

The development and construction of units in the property management companies to start-up capital and maintenance costs of conservation, that is, developers should be the capital cost of development projects to extract 1% ~ 2% of the property management company's start-up capital; or by a certain percentage of building area for the property management Offer to provide commercial enterprises, service space, property management companies to increase the hematopoietic function to raise the instry to instry. In addition, property management companies can also be obtained from the development and construction unit of the right to enjoy free maintenance to save costs.

The five channels are multi-faceted support of the Government.

(1) formulate the standard of the charges, strengthen management. In addition to high-end real estate market, the average residential community is not fully charged by the market. (2) housing reform rooms, the original unit is responsible for payment of property elevators, high-pressure pumps, heating equipment, such as the operation of shared facilities, maintenance and updating costs, rece the burden on people buying houses. (3) to provide financial tax incentives. (4) the city must allocate the maintenance of construction costs for the community sharing site, sharing facilities and equipment management, so as to rece the community burden of day-to-day management costs. (5) within the community in the old, in the planning permit under the premise of a number of new commercial buildings, at cost or lower the rent to the property management business, to increase the residential community, home economics and other business services revenue, to make up for property management lack of funds.

The six channels are involved in property rental agent.

Property management companies to use their own familiar with the advantages of the property for owners and renters to provide highly efficient, high quality professional services. Property management companies engaged in property rental agent will be beneficial for the three: For the renters, and owners do not directly meet bargaining, not only greatly reces the transaction costs, but also because there is an intermediary to do property management companies will not be deceived; for owners to Say, as investors need to invest too much effort, you can derive a substantial return; of property management companies, major advantages can be controlled through an intermediary to obtain a certain profit. Property management companies abroad if we can learn from the practice of sophisticated, engaged in business in sales and rental agent, property management companies to increase revenue at the same time, to a certain extent on activation of the real estate market.

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