Ⅰ 有关于中小企业融资的国内外研究现状
中小企业融资来问题国内外对比自研究Comparative research into difficulties in financing at home and abroad中小企业已经成为国民经济发展的支柱力量,其经济地位是举足轻重的.但是融资难却是中小企业发展过程中面临的最大的困难,已成为制约中小企业发展的瓶颈.在解决中小企业融资难问题时我们可借鉴美、日等国扶持中小企业融资的一些成功做法,这些经验为解决我国中小企业融资难的问题提供了思路,同时结合我国的国情,制定一套适合解决我国中小企业融资难的法律法规、服务体系及信用担保机制. http://www.ilib.cn/Abstract.aspx?A=shidjm200607034
Ⅱ 中英文对照关于中小企业融资问题与对策的外国文献
中小企业是与所处行业的大企业相比人员规模、资产规模与经营规模都比较小的经济单位。
不同国家、不同经济发展的阶段、不同行业对其界定的标准不尽相同，且随着经济的发展而动态变化。各国一般从质和量两个方面对中小企业进行定义，质的指标主要包括企业的组织形式、融资方式及所处行业地位等，量的指标则主要包括雇员人数、实收资本、资产总值等。量的指标较质的指标更为直观，数据选取容易，大多数国家都以量的标准进行划分，如美国国会2001年出台的《美国小企业法》对中小企业的界定标准为雇员人数不超过500人，英国、欧盟等在采取量的指标的同时，也以质的指标作为辅助。
世界各国和地区中小企业划分标准：
美国：雇员人数不超过500人
英国：质的规定：市场份额较小；所有者亲自管理；企业独立经营。
量的指标：小制造业：从业人员在200人以下
小建筑业、矿业：从业人员在25人以下
小零售业：年销售收入在18.5万英镑以下
小批发业：年销售收入在73万英镑以下
欧盟：雇员人数在250人以下且年产值不超过4000万埃居、或者资占年度负债总额不超过2700万埃居、且不被一个或几个大企业持有25%以上的股权。其中：雇员少于50人、年产值不超过700万埃居，或者资产年度负债总额不超过500万埃居，并且有独立法人地位的企业。
日本：制造业：从业人员300人以下或资本额3亿日元以下
批发业：从业人员100人以下或资本额1亿日元以下
零售业：从业人员50人以下或资本额5000万日元以下
服务业：从业人员100人以下或资本额5000万日元以下
我国目前对中小企业的划分标准为2003年国家经贸委、国家计委、财政部、国家统计局研究制订的《中小企业标准暂行规定》，国家统计部门据此制订大中小型企业的统计分类。
我国中小企业最新划分标准
根据第九届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十八次会议于2002年6月29日通过的《中华人民共和国中小企业促进法》的精神，原国家家经济贸易委员会、原国家发展计划委员会、财政部、国家统计局于2003年2月19日发布了《关于印发中小企业标准暂行规定的通知》（国经贸中小企〔2003〕143号），对主要行业的中小企业的标准作出了明确的界定。该标准是根据企业职工人数、销售额、资产总额等指标，结合行业特点制定的。按照《通知》的规定，不同行业的中小企业应该按照以下标准认定：
工业，中小型企业须符合以下条件：职工人数2000 人以下，或销售额30000 万元以下，或资产总额为40000 万元以下。其中，中型企业须同时满足职工人数300 人及以上，销售额3000 万元及以上，资产总额4000 万元及以上；其余为小型企业。
建筑业，中小型企业须符合以下条件：职工人数3000 人以下，或销售额30000 万元以下，或资产总额40000 万元以下。其中，中型企业须同时满足职工人数600 人及以上，销售额3000 万元及以上，资产总额4000 万元及以上；其余为小型企业。
批发和零售业，零售业中小型企业须符合以下条件：职工人500 人以下，或销售额15000 万元以下。其中，中型企业须同时满足职工人数100 人及以上，销售额1000 万元及以上；其余为小型企业。
批发业中小型企业须符合以下条件：职工人数200 人以下，或销售额30000 万元以下。其中，中型企业须同时满足职工人数100 人及以上，销售额3000 万元及以上；其余为小型企业。
交通运输和邮政业，交通运输业中小型企业须符合以下条件：职工人数3000 人以下，或销售额30000 万元以下。其中，中型企业须同时满足职工人数500 人及以上，销售额3000 万元及以上；其余为小型企业。邮政业中小型企业须符合以下条件：职工人数1000 人以下，或销售额30000 万元以下。其中，中型企业须同时满足职工人数400 人及以上，销售额3000 万元及以上；其余为小型企业。
不同国家、不同经济发展的阶段、不同行业对其界定的标准不尽相同，且随着经济的发展而动态变化。各国一般从质和量两个方面对中小企业进行定义，质的指标主要包括企业的组织形式、融资方式及所处行业地位等，量的指标则主要包括雇员人数、实收资本、资产总值等。量的指标较质的指标更为直观，数据选取容易，大多数国家都以量的标准进行划分，如美国国会2001年出台的《美国小企业法》对中小企业的界定标准为雇员人数不超过500人，英国、欧盟等在采取量的指标的同时，也以质的指标作为辅助。
住宿和餐饮业，中小型企业须符合以下条件：职工人数800 人以下，或销售额15000 万元以下。其中，中型企业须同时满足职工人数400 人及以上，销售额3000 万元及以上；其余为小型企业。
“职工人数”以现行统计制度中的年末从业人员数代替；“工业企业的销售额”以现行统计制度中的年产品销售收入代替；“建筑业企业的销售额会计科目”以现行统计制度中的年工程结算收入代替；“批发和零售业的销售额” 以现行统计制度中的年销售额代替；“交通运输和邮政业，住宿和餐饮业企业的销售额”以现行统计制度中的年营业收入代替；“资
产总额” 以现行统计制度中的资产合计代替。规定适用于在中华人民共和国境内依法设立的各类所有制和各种组织形式的企
业，职工人数800 人以下。企业是与所处行业的大企业相比人员规模、资产规模与经营规模都比较小的经济单位。
中小企业财务困境的现状或者表现
随着招商引资力度进一步加大和民营经济的迅猛发展，中小企业如雨后春笋般不断涌现，2003年海安国税新增纳税人1842户，比上年同期增长47 %.2004年县政府下达民营企业发展目标，要求新发展个体私营企业 9250户。不断增加的中小企业一方面增加了税源，另一方面也对基层税收管理带来很大的挑战。最近，在进行纳税评估、一般纳税人复检等工作时事，对中小企业的财务状况进行抽样调查，其结果不尽如意，提高中小企业财务核算水平、加强财务管理已刻不容缓。 Which are small and medium-sized instries and large enterprises compared to staff size, asset size and management are relatively small economic units.
Different countries and different economic development stages, in different sectors to define their standards vary, and with the economic development and dynamic change. States generally qualitative and quantitative aspects of the definition of SMEs, the main qualitative indicators, including business forms of organization, financing methods and the status of where the instry, the volume indicators are mainly the number of employees, paid-up capital, total assets and so on. Volume of more qualitative indicators of indicators more intuitive, easy data selection, the majority of countries have divided the volume of standards, such as the U.S. Congress in 2001 introced the "United States Small Business Act" for SMEs to define standards for the number of employees does not exceed 500 people, the United Kingdom, the European Union, taking the volume of indicators, but also to qualitative indicators as a supplement.
Small and medium-sized countries in the world and regional criteria for the classification:
United States: the number of employees not more than 500 people
Britain: a qualitative states: smaller market share; owners personally management; enterprises operating independently.
Volume indicators: a small manufacturing: 200 people employed in the following
Small construction, mining: 25 people employed in the following
Small retail: Sales revenue was £ 185,000 in the following
Small wholesale instry: Sales revenue was £ 730,000 in the following
EU: the number of employees in the following 250 people and an annual output value is not more than 40 million ECU, or the annual funding total liabilities are not accounted for more than 27 million ECU, and do not be one or a few large companies holding more than 25% stake. One of: less than 50 employees, annual output value of not more than 7 million ECU or an annual total liabilities assets not more than five million ECU, and have independent legal status of enterprises.
Japan: Manufacturing: 300 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 300,000,000
Wholesale instry: 100 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 100,000,000 following
Retail: 50 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 50,000,000
Services: 100 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 50,000,000 following
China's current criteria for the classification of small and medium enterprises for the 2003 National Economic and Trade Commission, the State Planning Commission, Ministry of Finance, National Bureau of Statistics to study the formulation of the "Provisional Regulations on small and medium-sized standards," which national statistical offices to develop the statistical classification of small, medium and large enterprises.
China's latest criteria for the classification of small and medium-sized
According to the Ninth National People's Congress Standing Committee meeting of 28th June 29, 2002 through the "People's Republic of China SME Promotion Law," the spirit of the former State Economic and Trade Commission at home, the former State Development Planning Commission, Ministry of Finance, National Bureau of Statistics in February 19, 2003 issued the "small and medium-sized standards regarding the issuance of the notice required under the temporary" (economic and trade SMEs 〔2003〕 No. 143), the main criteria for small and medium-sized instries has made a specific defined. The standard is based on the number of enterprise employees, sales, total assets, such as indicators, combined with the characteristics of developed instry. In accordance with the "Notice" provisions of the small and medium enterprises in different sectors should be identified in accordance with the following criteria:
Instry, small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees in 2000 the following people, or sales below 300 million yuan, or total assets of 400 million yuan for the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 300 sales and over 30 million yuan, with total assets of 40 million yuan and above; the rest for small businesses.
The construction instry, small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees 3000 people following, or sales below 300 million yuan, or total assets of 400 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 600 sales and over 30 million yuan, with total assets of 40 million yuan and above; the rest for small businesses.
Wholesale and retail trade, small and medium-sized retail enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: 500 or fewer workers, or sales of 150 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 100 sales and over 1000万元; the rest for small businesses.
Wholesale trade of small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: 200 or fewer employees, or sales of 300 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 100 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses.
Transportation and postal service, transport small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees 3000 people following, or sales of 300 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 500 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses. Post instry small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees 1000 people following, or sales of 300 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 400 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses.
Different countries and different economic development stages, in different sectors to define their standards vary, and with the economic development and dynamic change. States generally qualitative and quantitative aspects of the definition of SMEs, the main qualitative indicators, including business forms of organization, financing methods and the status of where the instry, the volume indicators are mainly the number of employees, paid-up capital, total assets and so on. Volume of more qualitative indicators of indicators more intuitive, easy data selection, the majority of countries have divided the volume of standards, such as the U.S. Congress in 2001 introced the "United States Small Business Act" for SMEs to define standards for the number of employees does not exceed 500 people, the United Kingdom, the European Union, taking the volume of indicators, but also to qualitative indicators as a supplement.
Accommodation and catering instry, small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: 800 or fewer employees, or sales of 150 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 400 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses.
"Employees" to the existing statistical system of the end of a few employees in lieu of; "sales of instrial enterprises" to the existing statistical system in lieu of annual sales revenue; "construction enterprises sales accounts" to the existing statistical system annual income in lieu of clearing works; "wholesale and retail sales" to the existing statistical system in lieu of annual sales; "transport and postal service, accommodation and catering instry sales enterprise" to the existing statistical system of the year operating income in lieu of; "funding
The total proction "to the existing statistical system in lieu of total assets. Shall apply to the territory of the People's Republic of China established by law and various organizations of various ownership forms of enterprises
Instry, number of employees below 800 people. Enterprises which are instries with large enterprises compared to staff size, asset size and management are relatively small economic units.
The status of the financial plight of small and medium-sized or the performance of
With the investment was further enlarged and the rapid development of private economy, small and medium enterprises such as the continuing mushrooming, MSC 2003, National Tax Added taxpayers 1842, more than 47 percent year-on-year growth in the county government issued .2004 private enterprise development goals requiring new development of indivial and private enterprises 9250. Increasing number of SMEs on the one hand, an increase of tax sources, on the other hand, the grass-roots tax management a great challenge. Recently, ring the tax assessment, the general taxpayer, such as job review current events, the financial situation of small and medium enterprises to conct a sample survey, the results are not smug, improve financial accounting standards for SMEs to strengthen financial management and no time to lose.
Ⅲ 中小民营企业融资问题国内外研究现状存在的问题
相信市场，但也不能迷信市场。在民间借贷之外，还要建立一整套应急状态下的触发机制。专一旦发生中属小企业融资成本过高，国有商业银行、股份制金融机构、担保公司、小额贷款组织等便应自觉响应政府干预，按照比例、降息让利、分类发放中小企业贷款，切实落实支持发展中小企业的国家战略。
“民营经济成就了浙江，是浙江的瑰宝，我们要像爱护眼睛一样爱护它们。”目有疾，自当医。而这种医治，不仅要给予其应急性的资金支持，更要着力约束资金流向，规避应急贷款再次流入资本市场的风险，引导中小企业走向实体繁荣的康庄大道。由此而论，根治温州企业近年来从房产到能源再到古董的炒作之风，才能矫正被扭曲了的经济结构，才能尽量减少无谓的行政干预，才能重新提振实业起家的勇气与辉煌。
Ⅳ 国外中小企业的融资方式主要有哪些
国外中小企业融资的主要方式
中小企业的资金的来源无非是以下几种：一是自筹，二是直接融资，三是间接融资，四是政府扶持资金等。
关于自筹资金。它包括的范围非常广泛，主要有业主自有资金；风险投资资金；企业经营性融资资金；企业间的信用贷款；中小企业间的互助机构的贷款；以及一些社会性基金的贷款等等。关于直接融资。是指以债券和股票的形式公开向社会筹集资金的渠道。关于间接融资。主要包括各种短期和中长期贷款。贷款方式主要有抵押贷款、担保贷款和信用贷款等。
不同类型的中小企业融资特点不同，当然对融资渠道和条件的要求也不同。从融资的角度看，中小企业可分为制造业型、服务业型、高科技型以及社区型等几种类型。各类型的中小企业的融资特点和要求各不相同。
中小企业融资政策的比较
政府的资金支持是中小企业资金来源的一个重要组成部分。综合各国的情况来看，政府的资金支持一般能占到中小企业外来资金的10％左右，具体是多少则决定于各国对中小企业的相对重视程度以及各国企业文化的传统。各国对中小企业资金援助的方式主要包括：
1、税收优惠。发达国家企业税收一般占企业增加值的40-50％。在实行累进税制的情况下，中小企业的税负相对轻一些，但也占增加值的30％左右，负担仍较重。为进一步减轻税负，各国采取了一系列的措施。
2、财政补贴。财政补贴的应用环节是鼓励中小企业吸纳就业、促进中小企业科技进步和鼓励中小企业出口等。
3、贷款援助。政府帮助中小企业获得贷款的主要方式有：贷款担保、贷款贴息、政府直接的优惠贷款等。
4、风险资本。欧美等国家多由民间创立、而日本等国主要为政府设立。
5、鼓励中小企业到资本市场直接融资。为解决中小企业的直接融资问题，一些国家探索开辟“第二板块”，为中小企业，特别是科技型中小企业，提供直接融资渠道。
国外经验对中国的启示
为建立有中国特色的中小企业正常的资金融通体系和渠道，完善我国政府的资金扶持政策体系，借鉴国外的先进经验，特提出如下建议：
1、进一步加快现代规范的企业制度建设，还公司制中小企业符合市场经济运行机制要求的自然的直接融资权。
2、建立专门的中小企业金融机构，鼓励中小企业间建立互助金融组织。
3、建立符合我国国情的“第二板块市场”。
4、鼓励中小企业的创业者向亲朋好友借资。
5、要从税收、财政支出、贷款援助和直接融资等各方面建立和完善我国中小企业资金扶持政策体系。
6、依国情选择中小企业的扶持重点。
7、建立中小企业平稳“退出”的安抚政策
Ⅳ 中小企业融资问题及对策国内外研究发展现状及趋势
一、中小企业融资现状：中小企业融资难，已是不争的事实。
二、中小企业融资困境的原因：
(一)我国缺乏对中小企业融资的政策扶持
(二)我国缺乏专门的金融管理机构
(三)中小企业经营稳定性差，增加了银行的信贷风险
(四)中小企业可用于抵押担保的资产不足
(五)中小企业信用等级低，贷款成本高，银企关系恶劣
三、中小企业融资难的（国内）解决对策：
(一)加快中小企业自身建设，改革中小企业经营机制，尽快建立健全适合中小企业发展的经营决策机制，建立健全完善的企业财务制度，提高企业经营决策的透明度与科学性，充分实现信息公开，解决银企关系中信息不对称的问题。
(二)加快推进金融体制改革，建立健全能为中小企业融资提供金融服务的中小金融机构体系。
1、建立完善中小金融机构，形成为中小企业服务的中小金融机构体系。
2、加快推进多层次资本市场体系的建立与完善，打开中小企业融资的直接渠道，拓宽中小企业融资途径。
3、建立风险投资基金。
(三)转换政府职能，由过去的单纯管理型逐步向服务型转变，理顺政企关系，积极疏通中小企业融资渠道，建立健全社会化服务体系 。
四、中小企业融资难的（国外）解决参考：
（一）以美国为代表的信贷担保为主的模式，美国的信贷担保模式资金利用效率高、中小企业受益广、资金安全系数高，但手续复杂，获得贷款时间相对较长，对中小企业和经济的启动作用相对较慢。
（二）以日本为代表的直接“优惠”信贷(相对民间商业银行对中小企业较高的信贷利率而言)模式，日本的直接信贷支持模式需要政府投入的资金量大，资金风险也较大，但手续相对较简便，获得贷款时间较短，对中小企业和经济的启动作用相对较快。
因此，我国可以充分利用这两种政府对中小企业资金扶持模式的特点及长处，根据某一时刻我国中小企业和国民经济运行的特点，灵活地运用这两种方式，以取得政府扶持中小企业资金的最大效果。
Ⅵ 中英对照关于中小企业融资问题的！
1万字的
Automatically translated text:
The definition of lease financing
Finance leases (Financial Leasing) also known as the Equipment Leasing (Equipment Leasing), or modern leasing (Modern Leasing), and is essentially transfer ownership of the assets of all or most of the risks and rewards of the lease. The ultimate ownership of assets to be transferred, or may not transfer.
It refers to the specific content of the lessee to the lessor under the lease object and the specific requirements of the supplier selection, vendor financing to purchase rental property, and the use of leased to a lessee, the lessee to the lessor to pay instalments rent, the lease term lease ownership of objects belonging to the lessor of all, the tenant has the right to use the leased items. Term expired, and finished the lessee to pay rent under the lease contract financing to fulfil obligations in full, leasing objects that vesting ownership of all the lessee. Despite the finance lease transactions, the lessors have the identity of the purchase of equipment, but the substantive content of the purchase of equipment suppliers such as the choice of the specific requirements of the equipment, the conditions of the purchase contract negotiations by the lessee enjoy and exercise, lessee leasing object is essentially the purchaser. , Is a finance lease extension of loans and trade and technology updates in the new integrated financial instry. Because of its extension of loans and combination of features, there is a problem in leasing companies can recycling, treatment of leasing, and so the financing for the enterprise credit and secured the main requirement, it is very suitable for SME financing. In addition, the leasing of sheet financing, not reflected in the financial statements of the enterprise liability, does not affect the credit status of enterprises. This multi-channel financing needs of SMEs in terms of it is very beneficial.
Leasing and financing lease of a traditional nature of the difference is: traditional lease to the tenant leasing the use of objects of the time rent, and finance lease financing costs to the tenant occupying the time of rental. The market economy develops to a certain stage and the adaptation of a strong financing, in the 1950s in the United States have a new type of trading, as it adapted to the requirements of modern economic development, in the 60 to 70 the rapid development in the world, and today has become a business update equipment one of the main means of financing, known as the "sunrise instry." China in the early 1980s after the introction of this operational modalities for over 10 years has been the rapid development, compared with developed countries, the advantages of leasing is far from being played out, the market potential is huge.
[Edit] the main characteristics of the leasing
The main characteristics of the leasing is: the ownership of objects as leasing is the lessor in order to control the risk of the tenant rent reimbursement taken a form of ownership, at the end of the contract could eventually be transferred to the lessee, the lease purchase items from lease people choose, maintenance from the tenant responsible for the lessor to provide financial services only. Rent calculation principles are: to lease the lessor objects based on the purchase price, occupied by the lessee to the lessor of funds based on time, according to a mutually agreed rental rates. It is essentially dependent on the traditional leasing financial transactions, is a special kind of financial instruments.
[Edit] the type of lease financing
1. Simple financing lease
Financing lease is a simple, by the lessee choose to purchase the rental property, the lessor on the lease project through risk assessment after the rental lease to the lessee the use of objects. Throughout the lease period the lessee does not enjoy the right to use the title, and is responsible for repair and maintenance of leasing objects. The lessor's lease is good or bad thing without any liability, equipment depreciation in the tenant side.
2. Leveraged lease financing
Leveraged leasing practices similar to syndicated loans, is a specialized leasing to large-scale projects with the tax benefits of lease financing, mainly led by a leasing company as a trunk, and for the lease of a very large project financing. First set up a leasing company from the operation of the main institutions - a project-based fund management company set up projects to provide more than 20% of the total amount of funds, and the remaining part was the main source of funds banks and social absorb idle idle funds, the use of 100 percent enjoy low tax benefits "in the eight Bo" leverage for the leasing project large amount of funds. The remaining financing and leasing practices are basically the same, but because of the complexity of the contract covers a wide range and even greater. As can enjoy tax benefits, operating norms, comprehensive benefits, and recovery of rent safe, low-cost, and are generally used for aircraft, ships, communications equipment and large complete sets of equipment lease financing.
3. Commissioned by the Financial Leasing
Is a way to have the funds or equipment entrusted to non-bank financial institutions in the financing lease, the lessor is also the first client, the second is the trustee of the lessor at the same time. The lessor to accept the client's money or lease of the subject matter, according to the client's written by the client designated for the lessee of the leasing business. In the subject of the lease term lease of the property of the client, the lessor only charges, not to take risks. Such leasing commissioned a major characteristic is not to lease the right to operate the enterprise, "by the right" business. E-commerce is on the lease by lease rental as a business platform.
The second is the lessor or lessee commissioned by the lease purchase of a third person, the lessor under the contract to pay the purchase price, also known as commissioned by the lease purchase financing.
4. Project finance leasing
Lessee to project their own property and to ensure efficiency, and the lessor signed a finance lease contract, the lessor to the lessee of the property and other projects without recourse to the proceeds, we can only rent charged to the project's cash flow and profitability to determine. The seller (that is leasing goods manufacturers) through their holding leasing companies to promote their procts in this way, and expand market share. Communications equipment, medical equipment, transportation equipment, or even the right to operate highway can be used this way. Others, including the return of leasing, also known as sale and leaseback financing leasing; financing to leasing, also known as the financing to leasing.
[Edit] the risk of lease financing
Finance leases from the risk of many uncertain factors, is multifaceted and interrelated, in the full understanding of the operational activities of the characteristics of various risks can be comprehensive, scientific analysis of risks to formulate corresponding measures. The risk of financing leasing main categories as follows:
(1) proct market risks. In the market environment, regardless of the financing lease, loan or investment, as long as the funds used to purchase equipment or to carry out technological transformation, first of all, should consider leasing equipment procts market risks, which need to know to sell the procts, market share rate and occupancy, proct trends in the development of the market, the consumption structure and the mentality of the consumers and consumption capacity. If these factors are not fully understand, the survey are not careful, and may increase the market risk.
(2) financial risks. For the leasing of a financial nature, financial risks throughout the entire business activities. The lessor, the biggest risk is that the lessee is also rent capacity, it has a direct impact on the operation of leasing companies and survival, therefore, the risk of also rent from the project began, it should be cause for concern.
Currency also have risks, especially international payments, methods of payment, payment date, time, the remittance channels and means of payment options improperly, will increase the risk.
(3) Trade risk. For the leasing of a trade properties, the risks of trade negotiations to orders from the acceptance testing there is a risk. The merchandise trade in the modern development of a relatively complete, the community is also supporting the establishment of corresponding institutions and preventive measures, such as a letter of credit, transport insurance, commodity inspection, commercial arbitration and the risk of credit counseling have taken precautions and remedial measures, but because people's awareness and understanding of the risks of different degrees, and some means of a commercial nature, coupled with the inexperience of the management of enterprises and other factors, all of these instruments have not been used, making trade risk still exists.
(4) technical risks. One of the benefits of lease financing before other enterprises is the introction of advanced technology and equipment. In the actual course of the operation, or advanced technology, advanced technology is mature, mature technology for the legal rights and interests of others, is an important risk a technical reasons. Serious, e to technical problems so that equipment in a state of paralysis. Other risks include the economic environment, force majeure, and so on.
[Edit] the accounting treatment of lease financing
[Edit], the tenant on the accounting treatment of lease financing
1, the start of the lease accounting treatment
At the start of the lease, the tenant will usually be the start of the lease rental assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the lower of the two leased assets as recorded value of the minimum lease payments as a long-term payables recorded value, and the difference between the two records is not recognised financing costs. However, if the assets of the leasing assets of the enterprise small proportion of the total, the tenant may be the start of the lease in the minimum lease payment records of assets and long-term rent payments. This time, the "proportional" not usually refers to fixed assets financed by leasing the lessee total assets total less than 30% (including 30%). Under such circumstances, rent for the financing of long-term assets and the determination of the amount e, the tenant may, at its option, which can be used minimum lease payments, and can also be used leasing assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the two in the lower. Then what "leasing the original book value of assets" refers to the start of the lease rental, as reflected in the accounts, the book value of the leased asset.
Lessee in the calculation of the minimum lease payments at the current value, if the lessor that the interest rate implicit in the lease, the lessor should be used as the interest rate implicit in the discount rate, otherwise, shall be stipulated in the lease contract interest rate as the discount rate . If the lessor's interest rate implicit in the lease and rental rates stipulated in the contract are not available, it should be used over the same period interest rates on bank loans as the discount rate. Which is implicit in the lease rates, in the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments and the present value of the unsecured portion of the resial value of the current value of assets and equivalent to the original book value of the discount rate.
2, the initial direct costs of the accounting treatment
Initial direct costs refer to the lease negotiations and the signing of the lease agreement occurred in the course of the lease can be directly attributable to the cost of the project. Lessee in the initial direct costs usually have stamp ty, commission, attorney fees, travel expenses, such as the costs of negotiations. Lessee in the initial direct costs should be recognised as an expense in the current period. Accounts for its handling: debit "management fees" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
3, no finance charge assessed
In the finance lease, the lessee to the lessor to pay the rent, include the repayment of principal and interest in two parts. Lessee to pay rent, on the one hand to rece long-term payables, on the other hand, while not confirmed by the leasing costs for a certain method to confirm the current financing costs, the first rent (that is, initially matching each rental payment) Under the circumstances, the lease term is the first phase of rent paid no interest, should only rece the long-term payments, not to confirm the current financing costs.
Not sharing in the finance costs, the lessee should be used to calculate certain way. According to the guidelines, the lessee can be used in real interest rates, the straight-line method can also be used and the number of years of combined law. In using the effective interest method, in accordance with the inception of the lease is a lease assets and liabilities are recorded based on the value of different financing costs assessment rate options are also different. No finance charge assessed specific divided into the following types:
(1), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments accounted for the present value of value to the investor and the interest rate implicit in the lease for the discount rate. Under such circumstances, investors should be the interest rate implicit in the lease for the assessment rate.
(2), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments for the present value of recorded value, and to lease contract provides for the interest rate as the discount rate. In such circumstances, should be stipulated in the lease contract as the rate of assessment rates.
(3), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist resial value guarantees and preferential purchase right to choose. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. Financing cost-sharing rate refers to the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments equal to the present value of lease assets in the original book value of the discount rate. In the lessee or related to the leased asset resial value of the third-party security situation, and the similar, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.
(4), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist guaranteed resial value, but there is preferential option to purchase. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. At the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.
(5), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset value accounted for, and the existence of the lessee guaranteed resial value.
Under such circumstances, the cost-sharing should be re-financing rate. Related to the lessee or third parties on the resial value of leased assets as security has been provided or not at the end of the lease renewal and to pay a penalty of circumstances, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to the guaranteed resial value, or to be paid by the breach.
Lessee shall pay each of the rent shall be the amount of rent paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," subjects, credited to "bank" subjects, if payment of rent, which includes compliance costs, At the same time debit should be "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects. At the same time should be recognized in accordance with the current amount of the finance charge, debit "financial costs" subjects, credited the "no finance charge" subjects.
4, the leased asset depreciation Provision
Tenants should finance the lessee Provision for depreciation of fixed assets, should address two main issues:
(1), depreciation policy
Provision for asset depreciation, lease, the tenant should be its own assets Provision line depreciation method. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset security has been provided, should be credited for the amount of depreciation on fixed assets, and the inception of the lease accounting resial value after decting the value of the balance. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset resial value of the security has been provided, the total amount of depreciation should be credited for the start of the lease value of fixed assets recorded.
(2), the depreciation period
Identify the leased asset depreciation period, should be in accordance with the lease contract. If reasonable certainty that the lessee at the end of the lessee will obtain ownership of the leased asset, the lessee can be identified with all of the assets of the remaining useful life, and should therefore be the start of the lease to lease the remaining useful life of assets as depreciation period; If you can not reasonably determine whether the lease to the lessee at the end of the lease ownership of the assets to be made to the lease period and the remaining useful life of the leased asset in the shorter of the two as the depreciation period.
5, the accounting treatment of compliance costs
Many types of compliance costs, rent for the financing of fixed assets improved expenditure, technical advice and service charges, fees should be increased staff training credited to the extension of sharing costs, debit "long-term prepaid expenses," and "accrued expenses" , "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects, the fixed assets regular maintenance, insurance, etc. can be directly charged to expense in the current period, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank deposits, "wait until the subjects.
6, or the accounting treatment of rent
Since the rent or the amount of uncertainty, unable to adopt a rational approach to its system for sharing, in the actual event, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
7, at the end of the lease accounting treatment
At the end of lease, the tenant on the lease is usually the disposition of the assets of three circumstances:
(1), the return of the leased asset. Debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," and "accumulated depreciation" subjects, credited "fixed assets - fixed assets financed by leasing all" subjects.
(2), renewable lease concession assets. If the lessee to exercise the right to choose renewable concession, the lease shall be deemed to have been made the presence of the corresponding accounting treatment. If no expiry of renewal, to the lessor under the lease contract to pay a penalty, debit "operating expenses" subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
(3), stay purchase the leased asset. In the lessee enjoy preferential purchase right to choose, purchase price paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance lease," credited "bank" and other subjects at the same time, will be fixed assets from "all fixed assets financed by leasing" Details Details of the other subjects into subjects.
Ⅶ 国外中小企业融资现状
中小企业直接融资状况。目前，中小企业直接融资的状况并不十分理想。我国在主板市场上市的企业有1000多家，而且大都是国有企业，仅有那些产品成熟、效益好、市场前景广阔的高科技产业和基础产业类的少数中小企业可以争取到直接上市筹资、或者通过资产置换借“壳”买“壳”上市的机会。尽管我国有关部门即将出台企业债券管理新条例，企业债券的发行主体将有所放宽，原先对项目的限制将有所松动，但对中小企业来说，在一定时期内还将不在众券商备选企业之列。职工集资是中小企业的主要融资手段。由于企业在开办初期很难得到金融机构的支持，所以大多数中小企业采用职工集资的方式筹集资金。入股是改制企业和股份制企业的重要融资方式，大多数已经占总资产的10%.
2.信用歧视。中央为了搞活企业，提出了“抓大放小”的方针政策，要求银行部门要重点支持大企业，确保大企业的信贷，对中小企业就不重视，在确保大企业的基础上才予以考虑，造成了对中小企业的信用歧视，导致银行在对大企业和中小企业融资问题上的不平等。缺乏对中小企业信贷需求的重视。据统计，1998年工、农、中、建四家银行新增贷款20.85亿元，其中非国有经济贷款仅新增1亿多元，中长期贷款几乎为零。随着各国有商业银行提出业务向中心城市发展战略的实施，部分机构存在“重大轻小”的倾向，个别银行有诸如一定数额以下或注册资本金100万以下企业不贷的规定，恰恰断掉了贷款需求以“急、频、少、繁”为主要特点的中小企业融资主渠道。
缺乏为中小企业贷款提供担保的信用体系。就中小企业自身来讲，一方面，固定资产较少，不足以抵押，贷款受到限制；另一方面，一些中小企业在改制过程中屡有逃费、悬空银行债务现象发生，损害了自身的信用度。同时，企业也深感办理抵押环节多、收费多，如在土地房产抵押评估和登记手续中，评估包括申请、实地勘测、限价估算等，登记包括土地权属调查、地籍测绘、土地他向权利登记等，极为繁琐。
.对非国有企业融资的歧视。长期以来，在政府和银行方面，都存在这样的观念，认为大型企业都是国有的，贷款给他们是国家对国家的企业，不会造成国有资产的流失。而中小企业大多数是非国有的企业，效益不稳定，贷款回收不好，信誉差，容易导致国有资产流失，所以银行一般对中小企业贷款十分慎重，条件较为苛刻。尽管现在比以前有所改善，但仍然存在这种现象。
.一些区域性的中小金融机构发展不规范，对中小企业的支持力度不够。我国经济中涌现出一批区域性的中小金融机构，本来应以支持中小企业的发展为己任。但在实际中，这些金融机构在业务发展上与国有金融机构有趋同的趋势，不能真正面向中小企业，存在一定的信贷歧视现象。很多中小金融机构将大量资金上存或购买国债，对急需贷款的中小企业却不予支持。
缺少为中小企业发展服务的金融机构。现在我国极为缺少切实面向中小企业服务的金融机构，民生银行原来的初衷是为民营企业和中小企业服务的，可是现在它已经和其他股份制商业银行没有什么区别了，其他新组建的城市商业银行原来也是面向中小企业的，可由于资金、服务水平、项目有限，迫使它也逐步走向严格，限制了中小企业的融资。
Ⅷ 请大家帮我找一篇关于《中小企业融资方式选择》的外国文献，并且附中文翻译。
SMEs in the country's economic and social development that plays an important role in the economic development and social stability of the important pillars in the actual work of financing constraints SME development has become the main obstacle.
In this paper, the status of financing for SMEs, the SME financing analysis factors. SME credit culture that loss, financial management confusion, poor economic returns, lack of credit guarantees, domestic financial instry and the integration of its own loans in the current austerity is the main obstacle to SME financing. Proposed solutions should focus on the current development of small and medium banks, establishing a sound credit guarantee system problems to a fundamental breakthrough in getting loans for SMEs bottlenecks contradictions. At the same time, from the perspective of building their own enterprises make policy recommendations.
中小企业在我国经济和社会发展中具有举足轻重の作用，是经济发展和社会稳定の重要支柱，而在实际工作中，融资难已成为制约中小企业发展の主要障碍。
本文针对中小企业融资难の现状，系统分析了中小企业融资难の主要原因。指出中小企业信用文化の缺失、财务管理混乱、经济效益差、缺乏信用担保、国内金融业自身の整合与贷款紧缩是我国当前中小企业融资の主要障碍。提出当前应重点解决发展中小银行、建立健全信用担保体系等方面问题，以便从根本突破中小企业贷款难の瓶颈矛盾。同时，从企业自身建设の角度提出政策建议。