① 中英文對照關於中小企業融資問題與對策的外國文獻
中小企業是與所處行業的大企業相比人員規模、資產規模與經營規模都比較小的經濟單位。
不同國家、不同經濟發展的階段、不同行業對其界定的標准不盡相同，且隨著經濟的發展而動態變化。各國一般從質和量兩個方面對中小企業進行定義，質的指標主要包括企業的組織形式、融資方式及所處行業地位等，量的指標則主要包括雇員人數、實收資本、資產總值等。量的指標較質的指標更為直觀，數據選取容易，大多數國家都以量的標准進行劃分，如美國國會2001年出台的《美國小企業法》對中小企業的界定標准為雇員人數不超過500人，英國、歐盟等在採取量的指標的同時，也以質的指標作為輔助。
世界各國和地區中小企業劃分標准：
美國：雇員人數不超過500人
英國：質的規定：市場份額較小；所有者親自管理；企業獨立經營。
量的指標：小製造業：從業人員在200人以下
小建築業、礦業：從業人員在25人以下
小零售業：年銷售收入在18.5萬英鎊以下
小批發業：年銷售收入在73萬英鎊以下
歐盟：雇員人數在250人以下且年產值不超過4000萬埃居、或者資占年度負債總額不超過2700萬埃居、且不被一個或幾個大企業持有25%以上的股權。其中：雇員少於50人、年產值不超過700萬埃居，或者資產年度負債總額不超過500萬埃居，並且有獨立法人地位的企業。
日本：製造業：從業人員300人以下或資本額3億日元以下
批發業：從業人員100人以下或資本額1億日元以下
零售業：從業人員50人以下或資本額5000萬日元以下
服務業：從業人員100人以下或資本額5000萬日元以下
我國目前對中小企業的劃分標准為2003年國家經貿委、國家計委、財政部、國家統計局研究制訂的《中小企業標准暫行規定》，國家統計部門據此制訂大中小型企業的統計分類。
我國中小企業最新劃分標准
根據第九屆全國人民代表大會常務委員會第二十八次會議於2002年6月29日通過的《中華人民共和國中小企業促進法》的精神，原國家家經濟貿易委員會、原國家發展計劃委員會、財政部、國家統計局於2003年2月19日發布了《關於印發中小企業標准暫行規定的通知》（國經貿中小企〔2003〕143號），對主要行業的中小企業的標准作出了明確的界定。該標準是根據企業職工人數、銷售額、資產總額等指標，結合行業特點制定的。按照《通知》的規定，不同行業的中小企業應該按照以下標准認定：
工業，中小型企業須符合以下條件：職工人數2000 人以下，或銷售額30000 萬元以下，或資產總額為40000 萬元以下。其中，中型企業須同時滿足職工人數300 人及以上，銷售額3000 萬元及以上，資產總額4000 萬元及以上；其餘為小型企業。
建築業，中小型企業須符合以下條件：職工人數3000 人以下，或銷售額30000 萬元以下，或資產總額40000 萬元以下。其中，中型企業須同時滿足職工人數600 人及以上，銷售額3000 萬元及以上，資產總額4000 萬元及以上；其餘為小型企業。
批發和零售業，零售業中小型企業須符合以下條件：職工人500 人以下，或銷售額15000 萬元以下。其中，中型企業須同時滿足職工人數100 人及以上，銷售額1000 萬元及以上；其餘為小型企業。
批發業中小型企業須符合以下條件：職工人數200 人以下，或銷售額30000 萬元以下。其中，中型企業須同時滿足職工人數100 人及以上，銷售額3000 萬元及以上；其餘為小型企業。
交通運輸和郵政業，交通運輸業中小型企業須符合以下條件：職工人數3000 人以下，或銷售額30000 萬元以下。其中，中型企業須同時滿足職工人數500 人及以上，銷售額3000 萬元及以上；其餘為小型企業。郵政業中小型企業須符合以下條件：職工人數1000 人以下，或銷售額30000 萬元以下。其中，中型企業須同時滿足職工人數400 人及以上，銷售額3000 萬元及以上；其餘為小型企業。
不同國家、不同經濟發展的階段、不同行業對其界定的標准不盡相同，且隨著經濟的發展而動態變化。各國一般從質和量兩個方面對中小企業進行定義，質的指標主要包括企業的組織形式、融資方式及所處行業地位等，量的指標則主要包括雇員人數、實收資本、資產總值等。量的指標較質的指標更為直觀，數據選取容易，大多數國家都以量的標准進行劃分，如美國國會2001年出台的《美國小企業法》對中小企業的界定標准為雇員人數不超過500人，英國、歐盟等在採取量的指標的同時，也以質的指標作為輔助。
住宿和餐飲業，中小型企業須符合以下條件：職工人數800 人以下，或銷售額15000 萬元以下。其中，中型企業須同時滿足職工人數400 人及以上，銷售額3000 萬元及以上；其餘為小型企業。
「職工人數」以現行統計制度中的年末從業人員數代替；「工業企業的銷售額」以現行統計制度中的年產品銷售收入代替；「建築業企業的銷售額會計科目」以現行統計制度中的年工程結算收入代替；「批發和零售業的銷售額」 以現行統計制度中的年銷售額代替；「交通運輸和郵政業，住宿和餐飲業企業的銷售額」以現行統計制度中的年營業收入代替；「資
產總額」 以現行統計制度中的資產合計代替。規定適用於在中華人民共和國境內依法設立的各類所有制和各種組織形式的企
業，職工人數800 人以下。企業是與所處行業的大企業相比人員規模、資產規模與經營規模都比較小的經濟單位。
中小企業財務困境的現狀或者表現
隨著招商引資力度進一步加大和民營經濟的迅猛發展，中小企業如雨後春筍般不斷涌現，2003年海安國稅新增納稅人1842戶，比上年同期增長47 %.2004年縣政府下達民營企業發展目標，要求新發展個體私營企業 9250戶。不斷增加的中小企業一方面增加了稅源，另一方面也對基層稅收管理帶來很大的挑戰。最近，在進行納稅評估、一般納稅人復檢等工作時事，對中小企業的財務狀況進行抽樣調查，其結果不盡如意，提高中小企業財務核算水平、加強財務管理已刻不容緩。 Which are small and medium-sized instries and large enterprises compared to staff size, asset size and management are relatively small economic units.
Different countries and different economic development stages, in different sectors to define their standards vary, and with the economic development and dynamic change. States generally qualitative and quantitative aspects of the definition of SMEs, the main qualitative indicators, including business forms of organization, financing methods and the status of where the instry, the volume indicators are mainly the number of employees, paid-up capital, total assets and so on. Volume of more qualitative indicators of indicators more intuitive, easy data selection, the majority of countries have divided the volume of standards, such as the U.S. Congress in 2001 introced the "United States Small Business Act" for SMEs to define standards for the number of employees does not exceed 500 people, the United Kingdom, the European Union, taking the volume of indicators, but also to qualitative indicators as a supplement.
Small and medium-sized countries in the world and regional criteria for the classification:
United States: the number of employees not more than 500 people
Britain: a qualitative states: smaller market share; owners personally management; enterprises operating independently.
Volume indicators: a small manufacturing: 200 people employed in the following
Small construction, mining: 25 people employed in the following
Small retail: Sales revenue was £ 185,000 in the following
Small wholesale instry: Sales revenue was £ 730,000 in the following
EU: the number of employees in the following 250 people and an annual output value is not more than 40 million ECU, or the annual funding total liabilities are not accounted for more than 27 million ECU, and do not be one or a few large companies holding more than 25% stake. One of: less than 50 employees, annual output value of not more than 7 million ECU or an annual total liabilities assets not more than five million ECU, and have independent legal status of enterprises.
Japan: Manufacturing: 300 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 300,000,000
Wholesale instry: 100 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 100,000,000 following
Retail: 50 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 50,000,000
Services: 100 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 50,000,000 following
China's current criteria for the classification of small and medium enterprises for the 2003 National Economic and Trade Commission, the State Planning Commission, Ministry of Finance, National Bureau of Statistics to study the formulation of the "Provisional Regulations on small and medium-sized standards," which national statistical offices to develop the statistical classification of small, medium and large enterprises.
China's latest criteria for the classification of small and medium-sized
According to the Ninth National People's Congress Standing Committee meeting of 28th June 29, 2002 through the "People's Republic of China SME Promotion Law," the spirit of the former State Economic and Trade Commission at home, the former State Development Planning Commission, Ministry of Finance, National Bureau of Statistics in February 19, 2003 issued the "small and medium-sized standards regarding the issuance of the notice required under the temporary" (economic and trade SMEs 〔2003〕 No. 143), the main criteria for small and medium-sized instries has made a specific defined. The standard is based on the number of enterprise employees, sales, total assets, such as indicators, combined with the characteristics of developed instry. In accordance with the "Notice" provisions of the small and medium enterprises in different sectors should be identified in accordance with the following criteria:
Instry, small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees in 2000 the following people, or sales below 300 million yuan, or total assets of 400 million yuan for the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 300 sales and over 30 million yuan, with total assets of 40 million yuan and above; the rest for small businesses.
The construction instry, small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees 3000 people following, or sales below 300 million yuan, or total assets of 400 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 600 sales and over 30 million yuan, with total assets of 40 million yuan and above; the rest for small businesses.
Wholesale and retail trade, small and medium-sized retail enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: 500 or fewer workers, or sales of 150 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 100 sales and over 1000萬元; the rest for small businesses.
Wholesale trade of small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: 200 or fewer employees, or sales of 300 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 100 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses.
Transportation and postal service, transport small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees 3000 people following, or sales of 300 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 500 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses. Post instry small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees 1000 people following, or sales of 300 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 400 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses.
Different countries and different economic development stages, in different sectors to define their standards vary, and with the economic development and dynamic change. States generally qualitative and quantitative aspects of the definition of SMEs, the main qualitative indicators, including business forms of organization, financing methods and the status of where the instry, the volume indicators are mainly the number of employees, paid-up capital, total assets and so on. Volume of more qualitative indicators of indicators more intuitive, easy data selection, the majority of countries have divided the volume of standards, such as the U.S. Congress in 2001 introced the "United States Small Business Act" for SMEs to define standards for the number of employees does not exceed 500 people, the United Kingdom, the European Union, taking the volume of indicators, but also to qualitative indicators as a supplement.
Accommodation and catering instry, small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: 800 or fewer employees, or sales of 150 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 400 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses.
"Employees" to the existing statistical system of the end of a few employees in lieu of; "sales of instrial enterprises" to the existing statistical system in lieu of annual sales revenue; "construction enterprises sales accounts" to the existing statistical system annual income in lieu of clearing works; "wholesale and retail sales" to the existing statistical system in lieu of annual sales; "transport and postal service, accommodation and catering instry sales enterprise" to the existing statistical system of the year operating income in lieu of; "funding
The total proction "to the existing statistical system in lieu of total assets. Shall apply to the territory of the People's Republic of China established by law and various organizations of various ownership forms of enterprises
Instry, number of employees below 800 people. Enterprises which are instries with large enterprises compared to staff size, asset size and management are relatively small economic units.
The status of the financial plight of small and medium-sized or the performance of
With the investment was further enlarged and the rapid development of private economy, small and medium enterprises such as the continuing mushrooming, MSC 2003, National Tax Added taxpayers 1842, more than 47 percent year-on-year growth in the county government issued .2004 private enterprise development goals requiring new development of indivial and private enterprises 9250. Increasing number of SMEs on the one hand, an increase of tax sources, on the other hand, the grass-roots tax management a great challenge. Recently, ring the tax assessment, the general taxpayer, such as job review current events, the financial situation of small and medium enterprises to conct a sample survey, the results are not smug, improve financial accounting standards for SMEs to strengthen financial management and no time to lose.
② 有沒有電子商務行業在融資或者稅收方面特徵的文獻，論文急需確定題目，想知道這兩個方面哪個好寫
兩個題目在網上都有很多相關資料，我覺得都還比較好寫些。雖然電子商務是快速發展的新興行業，但是融資和稅收這兩個課題在其他行業有許多成熟的案例和經驗可供借鑒。參考資料如下：
電子商務企業的融資策略：http://wenku..com/view/157e4426af45b307e8719718.html
電子商務融資統計：http://news.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2013_02/27/22521932_0.shtml
各國電子商務稅收動態：http://wenku..com/view/3cca01482e3f5727a4e96205.html
關於電子商務稅收問題的研究：http://wenku..com/view/f890bd6fa45177232f60a2c7.html
③ 誰能給我一份並購融資的英文文獻啊，急！！！！
Automatically translated text:
The definition of lease financing
Finance leases (Financial Leasing) also known as the Equipment Leasing (Equipment Leasing), or modern leasing (Modern Leasing), and is essentially transfer ownership of the assets of all or most of the risks and rewards of the lease. The ultimate ownership of assets to be transferred, or may not transfer.
It refers to the specific content of the lessee to the lessor under the lease object and the specific requirements of the supplier selection, vendor financing to purchase rental property, and the use of leased to a lessee, the lessee to the lessor to pay instalments rent, the lease term lease ownership of objects belonging to the lessor of all, the tenant has the right to use the leased items. Term expired, and finished the lessee to pay rent under the lease contract financing to fulfil obligations in full, leasing objects that vesting ownership of all the lessee. Despite the finance lease transactions, the lessors have the identity of the purchase of equipment, but the substantive content of the purchase of equipment suppliers such as the choice of the specific requirements of the equipment, the conditions of the purchase contract negotiations by the lessee enjoy and exercise, lessee leasing object is essentially the purchaser. , Is a finance lease extension of loans and trade and technology updates in the new integrated financial instry. Because of its extension of loans and combination of features, there is a problem in leasing companies can recycling, treatment of leasing, and so the financing for the enterprise credit and secured the main requirement, it is very suitable for SME financing. In addition, the leasing of sheet financing, not reflected in the financial statements of the enterprise liability, does not affect the credit status of enterprises. This multi-channel financing needs of SMEs in terms of it is very beneficial.
Leasing and financing lease of a traditional nature of the difference is: traditional lease to the tenant leasing the use of objects of the time rent, and finance lease financing costs to the tenant occupying the time of rental. The market economy develops to a certain stage and the adaptation of a strong financing, in the 1950s in the United States have a new type of trading, as it adapted to the requirements of modern economic development, in the 60 to 70 the rapid development in the world, and today has become a business update equipment one of the main means of financing, known as the "sunrise instry." China in the early 1980s after the introction of this operational modalities for over 10 years has been the rapid development, compared with developed countries, the advantages of leasing is far from being played out, the market potential is huge.
[Edit] the main characteristics of the leasing
The main characteristics of the leasing is: the ownership of objects as leasing is the lessor in order to control the risk of the tenant rent reimbursement taken a form of ownership, at the end of the contract could eventually be transferred to the lessee, the lease purchase items from lease people choose, maintenance from the tenant responsible for the lessor to provide financial services only. Rent calculation principles are: to lease the lessor objects based on the purchase price, occupied by the lessee to the lessor of funds based on time, according to a mutually agreed rental rates. It is essentially dependent on the traditional leasing financial transactions, is a special kind of financial instruments.
[Edit] the type of lease financing
1. Simple financing lease
Financing lease is a simple, by the lessee choose to purchase the rental property, the lessor on the lease project through risk assessment after the rental lease to the lessee the use of objects. Throughout the lease period the lessee does not enjoy the right to use the title, and is responsible for repair and maintenance of leasing objects. The lessor's lease is good or bad thing without any liability, equipment depreciation in the tenant side.
2. Leveraged lease financing
Leveraged leasing practices similar to syndicated loans, is a specialized leasing to large-scale projects with the tax benefits of lease financing, mainly led by a leasing company as a trunk, and for the lease of a very large project financing. First set up a leasing company from the operation of the main institutions - a project-based fund management company set up projects to provide more than 20% of the total amount of funds, and the remaining part was the main source of funds banks and social absorb idle idle funds, the use of 100 percent enjoy low tax benefits "in the eight Bo" leverage for the leasing project large amount of funds. The remaining financing and leasing practices are basically the same, but because of the complexity of the contract covers a wide range and even greater. As can enjoy tax benefits, operating norms, comprehensive benefits, and recovery of rent safe, low-cost, and are generally used for aircraft, ships, communications equipment and large complete sets of equipment lease financing.
3. Commissioned by the Financial Leasing
Is a way to have the funds or equipment entrusted to non-bank financial institutions in the financing lease, the lessor is also the first client, the second is the trustee of the lessor at the same time. The lessor to accept the client's money or lease of the subject matter, according to the client's written by the client designated for the lessee of the leasing business. In the subject of the lease term lease of the property of the client, the lessor only charges, not to take risks. Such leasing commissioned a major characteristic is not to lease the right to operate the enterprise, "by the right" business. E-commerce is on the lease by lease rental as a business platform.
The second is the lessor or lessee commissioned by the lease purchase of a third person, the lessor under the contract to pay the purchase price, also known as commissioned by the lease purchase financing.
4. Project finance leasing
Lessee to project their own property and to ensure efficiency, and the lessor signed a finance lease contract, the lessor to the lessee of the property and other projects without recourse to the proceeds, we can only rent charged to the project's cash flow and profitability to determine. The seller (that is leasing goods manufacturers) through their holding leasing companies to promote their procts in this way, and expand market share. Communications equipment, medical equipment, transportation equipment, or even the right to operate highway can be used this way. Others, including the return of leasing, also known as sale and leaseback financing leasing; financing to leasing, also known as the financing to leasing.
[Edit] the risk of lease financing
Finance leases from the risk of many uncertain factors, is multifaceted and interrelated, in the full understanding of the operational activities of the characteristics of various risks can be comprehensive, scientific analysis of risks to formulate corresponding measures. The risk of financing leasing main categories as follows:
(1) proct market risks. In the market environment, regardless of the financing lease, loan or investment, as long as the funds used to purchase equipment or to carry out technological transformation, first of all, should consider leasing equipment procts market risks, which need to know to sell the procts, market share rate and occupancy, proct trends in the development of the market, the consumption structure and the mentality of the consumers and consumption capacity. If these factors are not fully understand, the survey are not careful, and may increase the market risk.
(2) financial risks. For the leasing of a financial nature, financial risks throughout the entire business activities. The lessor, the biggest risk is that the lessee is also rent capacity, it has a direct impact on the operation of leasing companies and survival, therefore, the risk of also rent from the project began, it should be cause for concern.
Currency also have risks, especially international payments, methods of payment, payment date, time, the remittance channels and means of payment options improperly, will increase the risk.
(3) Trade risk. For the leasing of a trade properties, the risks of trade negotiations to orders from the acceptance testing there is a risk. The merchandise trade in the modern development of a relatively complete, the community is also supporting the establishment of corresponding institutions and preventive measures, such as a letter of credit, transport insurance, commodity inspection, commercial arbitration and the risk of credit counseling have taken precautions and remedial measures, but because people's awareness and understanding of the risks of different degrees, and some means of a commercial nature, coupled with the inexperience of the management of enterprises and other factors, all of these instruments have not been used, making trade risk still exists.
(4) technical risks. One of the benefits of lease financing before other enterprises is the introction of advanced technology and equipment. In the actual course of the operation, or advanced technology, advanced technology is mature, mature technology for the legal rights and interests of others, is an important risk a technical reasons. Serious, e to technical problems so that equipment in a state of paralysis. Other risks include the economic environment, force majeure, and so on.
[Edit] the accounting treatment of lease financing
[Edit], the tenant on the accounting treatment of lease financing
1, the start of the lease accounting treatment
At the start of the lease, the tenant will usually be the start of the lease rental assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the lower of the two leased assets as recorded value of the minimum lease payments as a long-term payables recorded value, and the difference between the two records is not recognised financing costs. However, if the assets of the leasing assets of the enterprise small proportion of the total, the tenant may be the start of the lease in the minimum lease payment records of assets and long-term rent payments. This time, the "proportional" not usually refers to fixed assets financed by leasing the lessee total assets total less than 30% (including 30%). Under such circumstances, rent for the financing of long-term assets and the determination of the amount e, the tenant may, at its option, which can be used minimum lease payments, and can also be used leasing assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the two in the lower. Then what "leasing the original book value of assets" refers to the start of the lease rental, as reflected in the accounts, the book value of the leased asset.
Lessee in the calculation of the minimum lease payments at the current value, if the lessor that the interest rate implicit in the lease, the lessor should be used as the interest rate implicit in the discount rate, otherwise, shall be stipulated in the lease contract interest rate as the discount rate . If the lessor's interest rate implicit in the lease and rental rates stipulated in the contract are not available, it should be used over the same period interest rates on bank loans as the discount rate. Which is implicit in the lease rates, in the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments and the present value of the unsecured portion of the resial value of the current value of assets and equivalent to the original book value of the discount rate.
2, the initial direct costs of the accounting treatment
Initial direct costs refer to the lease negotiations and the signing of the lease agreement occurred in the course of the lease can be directly attributable to the cost of the project. Lessee in the initial direct costs usually have stamp ty, commission, attorney fees, travel expenses, such as the costs of negotiations. Lessee in the initial direct costs should be recognised as an expense in the current period. Accounts for its handling: debit "management fees" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
3, no finance charge assessed
In the finance lease, the lessee to the lessor to pay the rent, include the repayment of principal and interest in two parts. Lessee to pay rent, on the one hand to rece long-term payables, on the other hand, while not confirmed by the leasing costs for a certain method to confirm the current financing costs, the first rent (that is, initially matching each rental payment) Under the circumstances, the lease term is the first phase of rent paid no interest, should only rece the long-term payments, not to confirm the current financing costs.
Not sharing in the finance costs, the lessee should be used to calculate certain way. According to the guidelines, the lessee can be used in real interest rates, the straight-line method can also be used and the number of years of combined law. In using the effective interest method, in accordance with the inception of the lease is a lease assets and liabilities are recorded based on the value of different financing costs assessment rate options are also different. No finance charge assessed specific divided into the following types:
(1), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments accounted for the present value of value to the investor and the interest rate implicit in the lease for the discount rate. Under such circumstances, investors should be the interest rate implicit in the lease for the assessment rate.
(2), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments for the present value of recorded value, and to lease contract provides for the interest rate as the discount rate. In such circumstances, should be stipulated in the lease contract as the rate of assessment rates.
(3), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist resial value guarantees and preferential purchase right to choose. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. Financing cost-sharing rate refers to the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments equal to the present value of lease assets in the original book value of the discount rate. In the lessee or related to the leased asset resial value of the third-party security situation, and the similar, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.
(4), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist guaranteed resial value, but there is preferential option to purchase. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. At the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.
(5), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset value accounted for, and the existence of the lessee guaranteed resial value.
Under such circumstances, the cost-sharing should be re-financing rate. Related to the lessee or third parties on the resial value of leased assets as security has been provided or not at the end of the lease renewal and to pay a penalty of circumstances, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to the guaranteed resial value, or to be paid by the breach.
Lessee shall pay each of the rent shall be the amount of rent paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," subjects, credited to "bank" subjects, if payment of rent, which includes compliance costs, At the same time debit should be "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects. At the same time should be recognized in accordance with the current amount of the finance charge, debit "financial costs" subjects, credited the "no finance charge" subjects.
4, the leased asset depreciation Provision
Tenants should finance the lessee Provision for depreciation of fixed assets, should address two main issues:
(1), depreciation policy
Provision for asset depreciation, lease, the tenant should be its own assets Provision line depreciation method. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset security has been provided, should be credited for the amount of depreciation on fixed assets, and the inception of the lease accounting resial value after decting the value of the balance. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset resial value of the security has been provided, the total amount of depreciation should be credited for the start of the lease value of fixed assets recorded.
(2), the depreciation period
Identify the leased asset depreciation period, should be in accordance with the lease contract. If reasonable certainty that the lessee at the end of the lessee will obtain ownership of the leased asset, the lessee can be identified with all of the assets of the remaining useful life, and should therefore be the start of the lease to lease the remaining useful life of assets as depreciation period; If you can not reasonably determine whether the lease to the lessee at the end of the lease ownership of the assets to be made to the lease period and the remaining useful life of the leased asset in the shorter of the two as the depreciation period.
5, the accounting treatment of compliance costs
Many types of compliance costs, rent for the financing of fixed assets improved expenditure, technical advice and service charges, fees should be increased staff training credited to the extension of sharing costs, debit "long-term prepaid expenses," and "accrued expenses" , "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects, the fixed assets regular maintenance, insurance, etc. can be directly charged to expense in the current period, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank deposits, "wait until the subjects.
6, or the accounting treatment of rent
Since the rent or the amount of uncertainty, unable to adopt a rational approach to its system for sharing, in the actual event, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
7, at the end of the lease accounting treatment
At the end of lease, the tenant on the lease is usually the disposition of the assets of three circumstances:
(1), the return of the leased asset. Debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," and "accumulated depreciation" subjects, credited "fixed assets - fixed assets financed by leasing all" subjects.
(2), renewable lease concession assets. If the lessee to exercise the right to choose renewable concession, the lease shall be deemed to have been made the presence of the corresponding accounting treatment. If no expiry of renewal, to the lessor under the lease contract to pay a penalty, debit "operating expenses" subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
(3), stay purchase the leased asset. In the lessee enjoy preferential purchase right to choose, purchase price paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance lease," credited "bank" and other subjects at the same time, will be fixed assets from "all fixed assets financed by leasing" Details Details of the other subjects into subjects.
因字數有限就無法翻譯成中文了
④ 急求一篇中小企業融資難的外文文獻 3000字左右
中小企業融資難的外文文獻沒問題，我給你推見。。
⑤ 求與房地產融資相關的外文文獻原文及翻譯並附有文獻名稱和作者，字數在2000字以上。。。謝謝大家
這個有點難度，不過建議你再網上搜一些資料，然後自己寫吧，網上搜的容易雷同，我就有過相似經歷，所以，好好寫吧
⑥ 在寫房地產企業融資模式的文獻綜述時，可以從哪些方面入手
當下房地產企業融資，尤其是商業地產融資，最好能融合一些跨界的商業模式理念。
⑦ 金融學論文 融資模式的參考文獻有哪些了
您好 很高興為您解答問題學術谷歌 或者從你學校的電子圖書館找 還有中國知網等 希望對您有所幫助
⑧ 房地產企業融資研究的外文文獻 急需
復制英文關鍵詞 然後用谷歌搜試試
⑨ 企業投資融資的論文可以寫什麼什麼方向，最好跟IPO有關
企業投資融資論文可以在知網中找到一些相關數據， 論文不會寫，最關鍵的是要把心態放正，一步步來，多看點範文，看看別人怎麼寫的，關於投資融資方面論文是我們特長，我們的服務特色：支持支付寶交易，保證你的資金安全。3種服務方式，文章多重審核，保證文章質量。附送抄襲檢測報告，讓你用得放心。修改不限次數，再刁難的老師也能過。
1、論文題目：要求准確、簡練、醒目、新穎。
2、目錄：目錄是論文中主要段落的簡表。（短篇論文不必列目錄）
3、提要：是文章主要內容的摘錄，要求短、精、完整。字數少可幾十字，多不超過三百字為宜。
4、關鍵詞或主題詞：關鍵詞是從論文的題名、提要和正文中選取出來的，是對表述論文的中心內容有實質意義的詞彙。關鍵詞是用作機系統標引論文內容特徵的詞語，便於信息系統匯集，以供讀者檢索。 每篇論文一般選取3-8個詞彙作為關鍵詞，另起一行，排在「提要」的左下方。
主題詞是經過規范化的詞，在確定主題詞時，要對論文進行主題，依照標引和組配規則轉換成主題詞表中的規范詞語。
5、論文正文：
（1）引言：引言又稱前言、序言和導言，用在論文的開頭。 引言一般要概括地寫出作者意圖，說明選題的目的和意義, 並指出論文寫作的范圍。引言要短小精悍、緊扣主題。
〈2）論文正文：正文是論文的主體，正文應包括論點、論據、 論證過程和結論。主體部分包括以下內容：
a.提出-論點；
b.分析問題-論據和論證；
c.解決問題-論證與步驟；
d.結論。
6、一篇論文的參考文獻是將論文在和寫作中可參考或引證的主要文獻資料，列於論文的末尾。參考文獻應另起一頁，標注方式按《GB7714-87文後參考文獻著錄規則》進行。
中文：標題--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--標題--出版物信息
所列參考文獻的要求是：
（1）所列參考文獻應是正式出版物，以便讀者考證。
（2）所列舉的參考文獻要標明序號、著作或文章的標題、作者、出版物信息。