A. 急！中小企業融資的英文文獻和翻譯
除了下面給出的，你也可以看看我給其他人的回答
http://..com/question/98953036.html
Commercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The Bank
July,2007 by Stephen Bush
Commercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established instries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank」.
There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower』s particular instry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank」.
As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs
Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank」 and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Commercial Mortgage Loans
Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank」. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Credit Card Processing Programs
The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant』s credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective and competitive help with credit card processing.
A closing commercial financing thought: I have written an earlier commercial financing article about commercial lenders to avoid. It should be noted that there are in fact both traditional and non-traditional (non-bank) lenders which should be avoided. So when commercial borrowers Think Outside the Bank」, it is still of critical importance that they are prepared to avoid a wide variety of problematic non-traditional commercial lenders in their search for viable commercial financing, especially when it involves business cash advance (credit card receivables and credit card factoring) programs, credit card processing services and commercial real estate financing.
商業融資解決方案-比如銀行外
2007年7月由Stephen布希
商業融資的借款人可能會認為，傳統的銀行是他們的最佳來源的商業融資。然而，由於大多數傳統銀行側重於少數設立工業，非傳統（非銀行）和非本地商業銀行應考慮大多數商業融資的情況。因此，建議商業融資戰略（如本文中討論）是跳出本行「 。
有幾個商業融資情況下，商業借款人常常發現，非傳統的商業銀行將能夠更好地提供的條件更有利的商業借款人： （ 1 ）商業透支現金和信用卡保理業務程序; （ 2 ）商業按揭貸款;和（ 3 ）信用卡處理程序。在某些情況下，傳統的銀行將提供商業融資，但附加條件過於嚴格和盟約。在其他情況下，傳統的銀行將下降徹底的商業融資，這可能是因為他們甚至不提供商業融資，商業借款人的特定行業。在這兩種情況下，商業借款人可能會受益於銀行外思考「 。
正如我在較早的商業融資的文章，在許多非競爭企業融資情況下，它並沒有什麼不尋常的地方傳統的銀行實行更加嚴厲的商業融資條件比通常被視為在一個更具競爭力的企業融資市場。這種傳統的銀行通常利用相對缺乏其他商業銀行在其當地市場。作出適當的反應是由商業借款人尋求非銀行的商業融資方案。這是既無必要，也明智的商業借款取決於只有在當地傳統的商業銀行融資解決方案。對於大多數商業融資的情況下，非本地和非銀行的商業銀行有可能提供更好的企業融資條件，因為他們所熟悉的競爭積極與其他商業銀行。
商業融資比如-比如銀行外
企業現金和信用卡應收帳款程序
大多數企業認為接受信用卡將在其業務資格的商業現金透支的信用卡應收款。傳統的銀行通常會是非常貧窮的候選人，以考慮是否需要援助業務與保理業務和信用卡業務現金墊款。因為即使是蓬勃發展的企業往往需要更多的現金，他們可以比銀行貸款，它可以是極其重要的商業銀行外的思考「 ，並找到非傳統的貸款，以協助這個商業融資的需要。
商業融資兩名-比如銀行外
商業按揭貸款
兩個最常見的商業融資遇到困難的商業貸款，可避免如果他們認為銀行外「 。第一商業融資情況是普遍存在的做法，傳統的銀行，以避免最特殊用途性質（如殯儀館和教堂） 。第二商業融資的情況是典型的做法，大多數商業銀行的重視氣球和/或召回規定的商業貸款（這意味著銀行可以要求提前償還的商業貸款不同條件下） 。這兩種不良商業融資的情況，通常可以很容易地避免和審議了非傳統和非銀行貸款。
商業融資例3 -比如銀行外
信用卡處理程序
選擇一個適當的信用卡處理服務，可有助於改善企業的盈利與大量的信用卡活動。分析信用卡處理供應商，才能有效地結合信用卡保理業務和信用卡應收款上述進程。在評估企業現金透支程序時，它常常是有可能同時安排大大提高商家的信用卡處理程序。由於傳統的銀行通常是沒有競爭力，在提供援助信用卡保理業務中，也同樣可能是一個非傳統的貸款將是主要來源的有效和有競爭力的幫助，信用卡處理。
閉幕商業融資認為：我已經寫的早期商業融資文章商業銀行，以避免。應當指出的是，事實上，傳統和非傳統（非銀行）貸款，應加以避免。因此，當借款人跳出商業銀行「 ，它仍然是至關重要的，它們准備，以避免各種問題的非傳統的商業銀行在尋求可行的商業融資，尤其是當它涉及業務現金透支（信用卡應收款和信用卡保理）程序，信用卡處理服務和商業房地產融資。
B. 哪位英語達人幫我翻譯一個關於中小企業融資的外文文獻吧！1
傳統的智慧認為不足的中小企業融資是植根於"供方"功能很大程度上。 就是金融機構的運作的方式對提供中小企融資偏見 ； 作為結果很多銀行及其它財務機構成為中涉及與中小型企業不感興趣。 傳統視圖中突出顯示多個因素，可能會限制金融機構。 若要開始，因為它們很難確定公司是否有能力 （既有可行的項目） 的薪酬和/或 （由於向道德風險） 支付意願的 opaque.Opaqueness 意味著中小企融資難。 此 opaqueness 特別是削弱貸款從想從事更非人格化的機構或手臂長度融資的需要努力，目標和透明的信息。 第二，相對於大的公司中小企是更容易不拘特別在發展中國家。 這不僅使 opaqueness 糟糕的卻也帶來了更多的障礙和風險中小企業 lending.8，例如，銀行不能借給中小型企業，更會保證公司不會報告可靠地他們全面金融活動對其財務 statements.9 再說，如果 informality 表示該公司有 unrecorded 或有高級負債政府和自己的員工。 面對這種風險： 稅和/或勞動部門可能會導致這類責任具體化，銀行會借少為中小型企業或收取更高的風險溢價。
(不好意思，有些詞不會翻譯。- -~~）
C. 求助：中小企業融資摘要英文翻譯
SMEs play a decisive role in China's economic and social development.
And have played an important role in adjusting the economic structure, to enrich and enliven the market, increase employment opportunities, the development of local economy and increasing fiscal revenue, etc.However, the issue of financing has been plaguing the development of SMEs.Meanwhile,take into consideration of the current financial crisis,make deep analysis of financing small and medium-sized problems.Pointing out that there are such phenomenon as narrow channels of direct financing,high financing cost and high risk,low financing credit,discriminatory policy,and Lack of co-ordination of social financial services.etc.To understand the plight of small and medium enterprises financing are of many asepects.Including their lack of small and medium enterprises, financial institutions, monopoly, the development of small and medium-sized financial institutions lagged behind, the development of regulations to protect their not perfect, imperfect capital markets. Therefore, this article-depth analysis of the problems of financing small and medium enterprises, to explore and propose solutions to small and medium enterprises financing measures to fundamentally break through the bottleneck of financing difficulties. Financing solutions to the plight of small and medium-sized small and medium enterprises should increase the competitiveness of their own, and deepen financial sector reforms, improve the capital markets, increase government support to strengthen the social service system building
D. 急求關於中小企業融資的外文參考文獻
研究中小企業融資要參考的英文文獻
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E. 「中小企業融資」翻譯成英文怎麼說
small
and
medium-sized
enterprise
financing
barriers
and
countermeasures
F. 中英對照關於中小企業融資問題的！
1萬字的
Automatically translated text:
The definition of lease financing
Finance leases (Financial Leasing) also known as the Equipment Leasing (Equipment Leasing), or modern leasing (Modern Leasing), and is essentially transfer ownership of the assets of all or most of the risks and rewards of the lease. The ultimate ownership of assets to be transferred, or may not transfer.
It refers to the specific content of the lessee to the lessor under the lease object and the specific requirements of the supplier selection, vendor financing to purchase rental property, and the use of leased to a lessee, the lessee to the lessor to pay instalments rent, the lease term lease ownership of objects belonging to the lessor of all, the tenant has the right to use the leased items. Term expired, and finished the lessee to pay rent under the lease contract financing to fulfil obligations in full, leasing objects that vesting ownership of all the lessee. Despite the finance lease transactions, the lessors have the identity of the purchase of equipment, but the substantive content of the purchase of equipment suppliers such as the choice of the specific requirements of the equipment, the conditions of the purchase contract negotiations by the lessee enjoy and exercise, lessee leasing object is essentially the purchaser. , Is a finance lease extension of loans and trade and technology updates in the new integrated financial instry. Because of its extension of loans and combination of features, there is a problem in leasing companies can recycling, treatment of leasing, and so the financing for the enterprise credit and secured the main requirement, it is very suitable for SME financing. In addition, the leasing of sheet financing, not reflected in the financial statements of the enterprise liability, does not affect the credit status of enterprises. This multi-channel financing needs of SMEs in terms of it is very beneficial.
Leasing and financing lease of a traditional nature of the difference is: traditional lease to the tenant leasing the use of objects of the time rent, and finance lease financing costs to the tenant occupying the time of rental. The market economy develops to a certain stage and the adaptation of a strong financing, in the 1950s in the United States have a new type of trading, as it adapted to the requirements of modern economic development, in the 60 to 70 the rapid development in the world, and today has become a business update equipment one of the main means of financing, known as the "sunrise instry." China in the early 1980s after the introction of this operational modalities for over 10 years has been the rapid development, compared with developed countries, the advantages of leasing is far from being played out, the market potential is huge.
[Edit] the main characteristics of the leasing
The main characteristics of the leasing is: the ownership of objects as leasing is the lessor in order to control the risk of the tenant rent reimbursement taken a form of ownership, at the end of the contract could eventually be transferred to the lessee, the lease purchase items from lease people choose, maintenance from the tenant responsible for the lessor to provide financial services only. Rent calculation principles are: to lease the lessor objects based on the purchase price, occupied by the lessee to the lessor of funds based on time, according to a mutually agreed rental rates. It is essentially dependent on the traditional leasing financial transactions, is a special kind of financial instruments.
[Edit] the type of lease financing
1. Simple financing lease
Financing lease is a simple, by the lessee choose to purchase the rental property, the lessor on the lease project through risk assessment after the rental lease to the lessee the use of objects. Throughout the lease period the lessee does not enjoy the right to use the title, and is responsible for repair and maintenance of leasing objects. The lessor's lease is good or bad thing without any liability, equipment depreciation in the tenant side.
2. Leveraged lease financing
Leveraged leasing practices similar to syndicated loans, is a specialized leasing to large-scale projects with the tax benefits of lease financing, mainly led by a leasing company as a trunk, and for the lease of a very large project financing. First set up a leasing company from the operation of the main institutions - a project-based fund management company set up projects to provide more than 20% of the total amount of funds, and the remaining part was the main source of funds banks and social absorb idle idle funds, the use of 100 percent enjoy low tax benefits "in the eight Bo" leverage for the leasing project large amount of funds. The remaining financing and leasing practices are basically the same, but because of the complexity of the contract covers a wide range and even greater. As can enjoy tax benefits, operating norms, comprehensive benefits, and recovery of rent safe, low-cost, and are generally used for aircraft, ships, communications equipment and large complete sets of equipment lease financing.
3. Commissioned by the Financial Leasing
Is a way to have the funds or equipment entrusted to non-bank financial institutions in the financing lease, the lessor is also the first client, the second is the trustee of the lessor at the same time. The lessor to accept the client's money or lease of the subject matter, according to the client's written by the client designated for the lessee of the leasing business. In the subject of the lease term lease of the property of the client, the lessor only charges, not to take risks. Such leasing commissioned a major characteristic is not to lease the right to operate the enterprise, "by the right" business. E-commerce is on the lease by lease rental as a business platform.
The second is the lessor or lessee commissioned by the lease purchase of a third person, the lessor under the contract to pay the purchase price, also known as commissioned by the lease purchase financing.
4. Project finance leasing
Lessee to project their own property and to ensure efficiency, and the lessor signed a finance lease contract, the lessor to the lessee of the property and other projects without recourse to the proceeds, we can only rent charged to the project's cash flow and profitability to determine. The seller (that is leasing goods manufacturers) through their holding leasing companies to promote their procts in this way, and expand market share. Communications equipment, medical equipment, transportation equipment, or even the right to operate highway can be used this way. Others, including the return of leasing, also known as sale and leaseback financing leasing; financing to leasing, also known as the financing to leasing.
[Edit] the risk of lease financing
Finance leases from the risk of many uncertain factors, is multifaceted and interrelated, in the full understanding of the operational activities of the characteristics of various risks can be comprehensive, scientific analysis of risks to formulate corresponding measures. The risk of financing leasing main categories as follows:
(1) proct market risks. In the market environment, regardless of the financing lease, loan or investment, as long as the funds used to purchase equipment or to carry out technological transformation, first of all, should consider leasing equipment procts market risks, which need to know to sell the procts, market share rate and occupancy, proct trends in the development of the market, the consumption structure and the mentality of the consumers and consumption capacity. If these factors are not fully understand, the survey are not careful, and may increase the market risk.
(2) financial risks. For the leasing of a financial nature, financial risks throughout the entire business activities. The lessor, the biggest risk is that the lessee is also rent capacity, it has a direct impact on the operation of leasing companies and survival, therefore, the risk of also rent from the project began, it should be cause for concern.
Currency also have risks, especially international payments, methods of payment, payment date, time, the remittance channels and means of payment options improperly, will increase the risk.
(3) Trade risk. For the leasing of a trade properties, the risks of trade negotiations to orders from the acceptance testing there is a risk. The merchandise trade in the modern development of a relatively complete, the community is also supporting the establishment of corresponding institutions and preventive measures, such as a letter of credit, transport insurance, commodity inspection, commercial arbitration and the risk of credit counseling have taken precautions and remedial measures, but because people's awareness and understanding of the risks of different degrees, and some means of a commercial nature, coupled with the inexperience of the management of enterprises and other factors, all of these instruments have not been used, making trade risk still exists.
(4) technical risks. One of the benefits of lease financing before other enterprises is the introction of advanced technology and equipment. In the actual course of the operation, or advanced technology, advanced technology is mature, mature technology for the legal rights and interests of others, is an important risk a technical reasons. Serious, e to technical problems so that equipment in a state of paralysis. Other risks include the economic environment, force majeure, and so on.
[Edit] the accounting treatment of lease financing
[Edit], the tenant on the accounting treatment of lease financing
1, the start of the lease accounting treatment
At the start of the lease, the tenant will usually be the start of the lease rental assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the lower of the two leased assets as recorded value of the minimum lease payments as a long-term payables recorded value, and the difference between the two records is not recognised financing costs. However, if the assets of the leasing assets of the enterprise small proportion of the total, the tenant may be the start of the lease in the minimum lease payment records of assets and long-term rent payments. This time, the "proportional" not usually refers to fixed assets financed by leasing the lessee total assets total less than 30% (including 30%). Under such circumstances, rent for the financing of long-term assets and the determination of the amount e, the tenant may, at its option, which can be used minimum lease payments, and can also be used leasing assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the two in the lower. Then what "leasing the original book value of assets" refers to the start of the lease rental, as reflected in the accounts, the book value of the leased asset.
Lessee in the calculation of the minimum lease payments at the current value, if the lessor that the interest rate implicit in the lease, the lessor should be used as the interest rate implicit in the discount rate, otherwise, shall be stipulated in the lease contract interest rate as the discount rate . If the lessor's interest rate implicit in the lease and rental rates stipulated in the contract are not available, it should be used over the same period interest rates on bank loans as the discount rate. Which is implicit in the lease rates, in the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments and the present value of the unsecured portion of the resial value of the current value of assets and equivalent to the original book value of the discount rate.
2, the initial direct costs of the accounting treatment
Initial direct costs refer to the lease negotiations and the signing of the lease agreement occurred in the course of the lease can be directly attributable to the cost of the project. Lessee in the initial direct costs usually have stamp ty, commission, attorney fees, travel expenses, such as the costs of negotiations. Lessee in the initial direct costs should be recognised as an expense in the current period. Accounts for its handling: debit "management fees" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
3, no finance charge assessed
In the finance lease, the lessee to the lessor to pay the rent, include the repayment of principal and interest in two parts. Lessee to pay rent, on the one hand to rece long-term payables, on the other hand, while not confirmed by the leasing costs for a certain method to confirm the current financing costs, the first rent (that is, initially matching each rental payment) Under the circumstances, the lease term is the first phase of rent paid no interest, should only rece the long-term payments, not to confirm the current financing costs.
Not sharing in the finance costs, the lessee should be used to calculate certain way. According to the guidelines, the lessee can be used in real interest rates, the straight-line method can also be used and the number of years of combined law. In using the effective interest method, in accordance with the inception of the lease is a lease assets and liabilities are recorded based on the value of different financing costs assessment rate options are also different. No finance charge assessed specific divided into the following types:
(1), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments accounted for the present value of value to the investor and the interest rate implicit in the lease for the discount rate. Under such circumstances, investors should be the interest rate implicit in the lease for the assessment rate.
(2), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments for the present value of recorded value, and to lease contract provides for the interest rate as the discount rate. In such circumstances, should be stipulated in the lease contract as the rate of assessment rates.
(3), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist resial value guarantees and preferential purchase right to choose. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. Financing cost-sharing rate refers to the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments equal to the present value of lease assets in the original book value of the discount rate. In the lessee or related to the leased asset resial value of the third-party security situation, and the similar, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.
(4), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist guaranteed resial value, but there is preferential option to purchase. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. At the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.
(5), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset value accounted for, and the existence of the lessee guaranteed resial value.
Under such circumstances, the cost-sharing should be re-financing rate. Related to the lessee or third parties on the resial value of leased assets as security has been provided or not at the end of the lease renewal and to pay a penalty of circumstances, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to the guaranteed resial value, or to be paid by the breach.
Lessee shall pay each of the rent shall be the amount of rent paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," subjects, credited to "bank" subjects, if payment of rent, which includes compliance costs, At the same time debit should be "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects. At the same time should be recognized in accordance with the current amount of the finance charge, debit "financial costs" subjects, credited the "no finance charge" subjects.
4, the leased asset depreciation Provision
Tenants should finance the lessee Provision for depreciation of fixed assets, should address two main issues:
(1), depreciation policy
Provision for asset depreciation, lease, the tenant should be its own assets Provision line depreciation method. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset security has been provided, should be credited for the amount of depreciation on fixed assets, and the inception of the lease accounting resial value after decting the value of the balance. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset resial value of the security has been provided, the total amount of depreciation should be credited for the start of the lease value of fixed assets recorded.
(2), the depreciation period
Identify the leased asset depreciation period, should be in accordance with the lease contract. If reasonable certainty that the lessee at the end of the lessee will obtain ownership of the leased asset, the lessee can be identified with all of the assets of the remaining useful life, and should therefore be the start of the lease to lease the remaining useful life of assets as depreciation period; If you can not reasonably determine whether the lease to the lessee at the end of the lease ownership of the assets to be made to the lease period and the remaining useful life of the leased asset in the shorter of the two as the depreciation period.
5, the accounting treatment of compliance costs
Many types of compliance costs, rent for the financing of fixed assets improved expenditure, technical advice and service charges, fees should be increased staff training credited to the extension of sharing costs, debit "long-term prepaid expenses," and "accrued expenses" , "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects, the fixed assets regular maintenance, insurance, etc. can be directly charged to expense in the current period, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank deposits, "wait until the subjects.
6, or the accounting treatment of rent
Since the rent or the amount of uncertainty, unable to adopt a rational approach to its system for sharing, in the actual event, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
7, at the end of the lease accounting treatment
At the end of lease, the tenant on the lease is usually the disposition of the assets of three circumstances:
(1), the return of the leased asset. Debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," and "accumulated depreciation" subjects, credited "fixed assets - fixed assets financed by leasing all" subjects.
(2), renewable lease concession assets. If the lessee to exercise the right to choose renewable concession, the lease shall be deemed to have been made the presence of the corresponding accounting treatment. If no expiry of renewal, to the lessor under the lease contract to pay a penalty, debit "operating expenses" subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
(3), stay purchase the leased asset. In the lessee enjoy preferential purchase right to choose, purchase price paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance lease," credited "bank" and other subjects at the same time, will be fixed assets from "all fixed assets financed by leasing" Details Details of the other subjects into subjects.
G. 哪位英語達人幫我翻譯一個關於中小企業融資的外文文獻吧！0
純手工翻譯，供參考。
銀行參與中小企業融資：超越關系型貸款（降低貸款條件。）
近年來，中型和小型企業（中小企業）的融資問題，已成為致力於財政與經濟發展工作的經濟學家們和政策家們的重要議題，備受關注。這種趨勢的原因在於，市場經濟中，中小型企業占絕大多數，並解決了大份額的就業問題（Hallberg，2001）。此外，多數大型企業通常是由小型企業發展而來，因此，中小型企業的發展投資能力正是經濟體進一步繁榮的關鍵。
同時，許多學者與政策家指出，中小型企業的融資問題在於缺乏合適的融資渠道，並理應得到特殊幫助。如，政府應出台增加貸款金額等相關政策。各類研究數據表明了此看法的正確性。舉例來說，一項對10,000家來自80多個不同國家的企業數據（Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, Laeven, and Maksimovic 2006）分析表明，其中認為企業發展的最大障礙為融資難的企業，小型企業佔到39%，中型企業占據38%，而大型企業佔29%。此外，與大型企業的對外融資水平相比，小型企業平均融資資金低於大型企業13個百分點。更為重要的是，特別是對於中小型企業來說，對外融資困難是阻礙企業發展的瓶頸。（Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, and Maksimovic 2005）
在政策方面，許多措施與政策的出台，包括政府對給予企業最高貸款的銀行單位發放津貼以及提供公共保障金，用以促進各國中小型企業的融資水平。最典型的例子要屬中國的FOGAPE（小型企業擔保基金）政策，其鼓勵銀行給予小型企業貸款，使得小型企業可在較低信用額度的情況下獲得貸款。該項政策有著眾多特點，包括鼓勵減少（貸款中）不正當行為，提升銀行之間的競爭力以及銀行自身的承擔力。
括弧里是文獻和數據引用的作者名、年份，就不翻譯了。
H. 求有關中小企業融資英文文獻（帶翻譯）
不知道下面的行不行，希望你能用上。
除了下面給出地，你也可以瞧瞧偶給其他人的解答http://..com/question/98953036.htmlCommercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The Bank July,2007 by Stephen BushCommercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established instries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank」. There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower』s particular instry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank」. As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank」 and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Commercial Mortgage Loans Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank」. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Credit Card Processing Programs The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant』s credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective and competitive help with credit card processing. A closing commercial financing thought: I have written an earlier commercial financing article about commercial lenders to avoid. It should be noted that there are in fact both traditional and non-traditional (non-bank) lenders which should be avoided. So when commercial borrowers Think Outside the Bank」, it is still of critical importance that they are prepared to avoid a wide variety of problematic non-traditional commercial lenders in their search for viable commercial financing, especially when it involves business cash advance (credit card receivables and credit card factoring) programs, credit card processing services and commercial real estate financing. 商業融資處理方案-比如銀行外 2007年7月由Stephen布希 商業融資的借款人可能會認為，傳統的銀行是他們的最佳來源的商業融資。然而，由於大多數傳統銀行側重於少數設立工業，非傳統（非銀行）和非本地商業銀行應考慮大多數商業融資的拈況。因此，提議商業融資戰略（如本文中討論）是跳出本行「 。 有幾個商業融資情況下，商業借款人常常發現，非傳統的商業銀行將能夠更好地提供的條件更有利的商業借款人： （ 1 ）商業透支現金和信用卡保理業務程序; （ 2 ）商業按揭貸款;和（ 3 ）信用卡解決程序。在某些情況下，傳統的銀行將提供商業融資，但附加條件過於嚴格和盟約。在其他情況下，傳統的銀行將下降徹底的商業融資，這可能是因為他們甚至不提供商業融資，商業借款人的特定行業。在這兩種情況下，商業借款人可能會受益於銀行外思考「 。 正如我在較早的商業融資的文章，在許多非競爭企業融資情況下，它並沒有啥不尋常的地方傳統的銀行實行更加嚴厲的商業融資條件比通常被視為在1個更具競爭力的企業融資市場。這種傳統的銀行通常利用相對缺乏其他商業銀行在其當地市場。作出適當的反應是由商業借款人尋找非銀行的商業融資方案。這是既無必要，也明智的商業借款取決於只有在當地傳統的商業銀行融資解決方案。對於大多數商業融資的情況下，非本地和非銀行的商業銀行有可能提供更好的企業融資條件，因為他們所熟悉的競爭積極與其他商業銀行。 商業融資比如-比如銀行外 企業現金和信用卡應收帳款程序 大多數企業認為接受信用卡將在其業務資格的商業現金透支的信用卡應收款。傳統的銀行通常會是特別貧窮的候選人，以考慮是不是需要援助業務與保理業務和信用卡業務現金墊款。因為即使是蓬勃發展的企業往往需要更多的現金，他們可以比銀行貸款，它可以是極其重要的商業銀行外的思考「 ，並找到非傳統的貸款，以協助這個商業融資的需要。 商業融資兩名-比如銀行外 商業按揭貸款 兩個最常見的商業融資遇到困難的商業貸款，可避免假如他們認為銀行外「 。第一商業融資情況是普遍存在的做法，傳統的銀行，以避免最特殊用途性質（如殯儀館和教堂） 。第二商業融資的情況是典型的做法，大多數商業銀行的重視氣球和/或召回規定的商業貸款（這意味著銀行可以要求提前償還的商業貸款不同條件下） 。這兩種不良商業融資的情況，通常可以非常容易地避免和審議了非傳統和非銀行貸款。 商業融資例3 -比如銀行外 信用卡處理程序 選擇一個適當的信用卡處理服務，可有助於改善企業的盈利與大量的信用卡活動。分析信用卡處理供應商，オ能有效地結合信用卡保理業務和信用卡應收款上述進程。在評估企業現金透支程序時，它常常是有可能同時安排大大提高商家的信用卡處理程序。由於傳統的銀行通常是沒有競爭力，在提供援助信用卡保理業務中，也同樣可能是一個非傳統的貸款將是主要來源的有效和有競爭力的幫忙，信用卡處理。 閉幕商業融資認為：我已經寫的早期商業融資文章商業銀行，以避免。應該指出的是，事實上，傳統和非傳統（非銀行）貸款，應加以避免。因此，當借款人跳出商業銀行「 ，它仍然是至關重要的，它們准備，以避免各種難題的非傳統的商業銀行在尋求可行的商業融資，尤其是當它涉及業務現金透支（信用卡應收款和信用卡保理）程序，信用卡處理服務和商業房地產融資。
I. 中小企業融資難這樣的論文的中英文摘要該怎麼寫
摘要】 近年來，中小企業融資難這一世界性難題在我國更加顯露，一方面是企業得不到有效資金支持，另一方面是融資部門閑置大量信貸資金。在諸多矛盾中，中小企業才是矛盾的載體，要真正掌握解決這些矛盾的有效手段，還應首先從企業自身這一矛盾承載方著手。
【關鍵詞】 中小企業；融資；閑置資金
當前，我國中小企業數量眾多、層次參差不齊，特別是在法人構架、經營管理、長遠策略等方面存在諸多公認的不足和問題，經過多年的理論探討研究，對企業自身建設和金融單位融資方式等方面形成了很多寶貴的建議和意見。為了更好地了解這一難題的成因，近期，筆者對本轄的10戶盈利穩定、產品市場前景較好、內部管理基本健全、並有申請新增貸款意向的中小企業5年的財務狀況進行了綜合分析，發現其確實存在著幾個影響融資的問題：
一、企業資產規模無度擴張，資金缺口進一步增大
中小企業市場准入後，在規模擴張的管理方面，我國沒有相應控制政策措施。規模的擴張速度決策取決於企業主個人意願，在調查中，發現10個企業4年間共投入固定資產資金19 712萬元，而企業所有者權益（即實收資本、盈利公積、未分配利潤）四年間只增加了13 763萬元，從融資部門借入的長期貸款只增加了1 126萬元，而長期負債確減少了1 923萬元（詳見表一），也就是說四年間這些企業將7 872萬元的流動性借款和流動資產挪用於長期資產投資之中，造成企業流動資金長期不足，形成新的流動資金缺口。這樣為了謀求利潤最大化，不求資金綜合平衡，無計劃、無原則的擴張行為，怎能成為融資單位的合作對象。這是造成融資難的一個主要因素。
二、企業資金應用失衡，償債能力明顯不足
企業的償還債務能力是融資單位最為關心的事項，在對這十戶企業財務數據進行計算分析後（詳見表二），發現四年間其速動比率平均僅為55%，平均流動比率也只有101%，兩項指標與一般評價標准存在明顯差距，而這些企業的存貨占款常年佔到流動資產的45%之上，這就需要更高的資產流動性指標來保證企業的償債能力（企業評價速動比率應為100%左右，流動比率為200%左右）。很低的資產流動性反映出企業根本不能保證短期負債的及時、足額清償。這對於債權人來說已經形成一個能否到期收回信貸資金的危險信號。較低的流動性和償債能力，是造成融資部門「惜貸」的又一因素。
三、企業主投入不足，資產負債比例有背信貸原則
企業的資產和負債會在生產經營中不斷增長，企業股東或企業主注入資本的多少直接反映著業主承擔債務的能力。在對十戶企業資產、負債和權益計算分析後發現，平均產權比率為231%，而資產負債率高達58%（見表三），兩項指標均與一般評價指標相差甚多（企業評價指標：產權比率為1：1左右，資產負債率為50%之下），這樣的比例給出的結論就是融資單位扮演著企業主要出資者，進而形成了借款人能破得起產而債權人破不起產狀態。企業償債的能力和承貸能力，是保證債權人款項安全的重要條件。對於一個失去穩健性，卻又高風險、低成本、高回報的財務結構的企業，又有哪一個融資單位敢去問津，這也是不能較好地融入資金的又一因素。
四、企業財務制度不健全，造成銀企信息不對稱
企業財務約束制度不夠健全，同時財務人員素質參差不齊，許多企業財務制度根本得不到有效發揮。部分企業財務人員是根據業主意圖製作財務信息，還有部分會計人員沒有受過專業培訓，對企業財務信息結構根本沒有掌握，對外製作的報表只能達到一個平字，各種報表根本就沒有相互對應關系，形成的企業財務報表數據不實，更不要說報表科目的正確使用。還有的企業為了自身利益需要，同一時段形成數據不同的多樣報表，報出的報表出現上報主管部門一套，稅務部門一套，銀行的又是一套，令專門搞企業財務的信貸員也難識「廬山真面目」，造成企業的財務報表對外沒有影響力。而金融部門信貸風險的根源就是信息不對稱。信息的不對 稱致使銀行系統不得不要求中小企業融資時提供足夠的擔保，從而使得中小企業融資難的問題長期得不到解決，企業也就無法順利地進入融資單位的融資名單之中。 五、辯證地看企業融資結果與融資難的關系
通過對這十戶企業的財務狀況與近年融資情況分析，發現金融部門並沒有對這些中小企業實行所謂的「懼貸、惜貸」。截止目前，十戶企業共借入金融部門貸款為14 436萬元，佔十戶企業所有借款余額79%以上。佔到當地金融部門全部貸款的10%以上。在其流動性指標嚴重不足與資產負債率指標偏高的情況下，能夠長期佔有較大規模信貸額度，不能說是金融部門「惜貸」在影響企業的發展，如若嚴格按照銀行信貸控制原則，部分企業早已被列入超比例發放的行列，根本進不了融資單位的融資名單之中。我們通過對本轄所有金融部門了解，目前十戶企業中，已有幾戶企業向金融機構提出了幾千萬元立項貸款和追加貸款的意向，在上述企業目前的財務狀況下，要破解這樣的「融資難」問題，僅僅依靠融資單位單方努力和建設社會信用環境是不可能得到解決的。
為了中小企業在經營中得到有效的信貸支持，使他們在一個和諧、穩健、規范的環境中發展壯大，不僅要在外部創造一個好的經營環境，更主要是要從企業自身著手打造一流的具有一定競爭能力、適應國際形勢變化能力、抵禦市場風險能力的現代化企業群。為此筆者認為，現階段中小企業應從財務信息的真實性，資產擴張的可控性，資產負債的協調性，償還債務的流動性上下功夫，這才是解決融資難的根本途徑。
（一）加強對中小企業決策上的有效約束，規范其經營行為
營造一個好的外部融資環境，只是對解決融資難主要矛盾起到一個催化劑的作用。真正解決問題的途徑還要從建立現代企業財務制度入手，重點解決當前中小企業普遍存在的財務制度不健全，財務監督無作為，財務報告真實性與准確性低的問題，提升企業財務人員素質，增強業主對財務狀況的重視程度，建立有效的會計監督機制和審核制度。提高企業對外信息可信度，打破銀企信息不對稱僵局，增加融資單位對中小企業融資信心，才能進一步疏通社會各種融資渠道。
（二）約束企業擴張行為，規范資金應用
當前，很多中小企業還處於一個發展階段，特別是一些利潤較高的行業，企業都具有較大的擴張慾望，在沒有規范性約束的條件下無度地資產擴張，會讓企業變得弱不禁風，經不起任何市場波動的考驗。故國家企業管理服務部門要及早出台相關制度約束企業無限擴張行為，形成一個社會與企業能夠共同維護的企業經營守則，讓企業憑借自身過硬的資產質量和較高的信用度來贏得融資單位的青睞，解決一廂情願的融資難局面。
（三）企業要增強自有資金實力，減小對融資依賴
企業經營者要把更多的精力放在練好內功和規范市場運作之上，要加大自身積累，增加企業資產中自有資金的佔比，提高流動資金份額，減少對外融資的絕對依賴性，在資金應用上取得自主權，在企業擴張過程中要做到自身出一塊、社會融一塊、金融部門借一塊的原則來進行資產增加。倡導適度負債，讓股東或企業主成為真正企業經營的得益者、負債人和風險的承擔者，才能增強債權人對其融資信心，才能得到銀行和社會投資融資者的更多支持。
（四）合理使用資金，保證償債能力，提高自身社會信用度
在經營過程中企業要配比使用有限資金，兼顧安全性、流動性和盈利性，協調好三者關系，特別是在融資困難環境下，企業更應在提高流動性上下功夫，增強企業的償債能力，既要盡可能降低過多持有現金的機會成本,又要保證短期債務償還能力； 將速動比率和流動比率達到一般評價指標之上，樹立良好的企業法人形象，杜絕不良信用記錄，以較強的資金實力、較好的資產流動性和較高的信用度贏得融資單位的信任，破解當前中小企業融資難的局面。 <br _extended="true" <="p=">