Ⅰ 有關於中小企業融資的國內外研究現狀
中小企業融資來問題國內外對比自研究Comparative research into difficulties in financing at home and abroad中小企業已經成為國民經濟發展的支柱力量,其經濟地位是舉足輕重的.但是融資難卻是中小企業發展過程中面臨的最大的困難,已成為制約中小企業發展的瓶頸.在解決中小企業融資難問題時我們可借鑒美、日等國扶持中小企業融資的一些成功做法,這些經驗為解決我國中小企業融資難的問題提供了思路,同時結合我國的國情,制定一套適合解決我國中小企業融資難的法律法規、服務體系及信用擔保機制. http://www.ilib.cn/Abstract.aspx?A=shidjm200607034
Ⅱ 中英文對照關於中小企業融資問題與對策的外國文獻
中小企業是與所處行業的大企業相比人員規模、資產規模與經營規模都比較小的經濟單位。
不同國家、不同經濟發展的階段、不同行業對其界定的標准不盡相同，且隨著經濟的發展而動態變化。各國一般從質和量兩個方面對中小企業進行定義，質的指標主要包括企業的組織形式、融資方式及所處行業地位等，量的指標則主要包括雇員人數、實收資本、資產總值等。量的指標較質的指標更為直觀，數據選取容易，大多數國家都以量的標准進行劃分，如美國國會2001年出台的《美國小企業法》對中小企業的界定標准為雇員人數不超過500人，英國、歐盟等在採取量的指標的同時，也以質的指標作為輔助。
世界各國和地區中小企業劃分標准：
美國：雇員人數不超過500人
英國：質的規定：市場份額較小；所有者親自管理；企業獨立經營。
量的指標：小製造業：從業人員在200人以下
小建築業、礦業：從業人員在25人以下
小零售業：年銷售收入在18.5萬英鎊以下
小批發業：年銷售收入在73萬英鎊以下
歐盟：雇員人數在250人以下且年產值不超過4000萬埃居、或者資占年度負債總額不超過2700萬埃居、且不被一個或幾個大企業持有25%以上的股權。其中：雇員少於50人、年產值不超過700萬埃居，或者資產年度負債總額不超過500萬埃居，並且有獨立法人地位的企業。
日本：製造業：從業人員300人以下或資本額3億日元以下
批發業：從業人員100人以下或資本額1億日元以下
零售業：從業人員50人以下或資本額5000萬日元以下
服務業：從業人員100人以下或資本額5000萬日元以下
我國目前對中小企業的劃分標准為2003年國家經貿委、國家計委、財政部、國家統計局研究制訂的《中小企業標准暫行規定》，國家統計部門據此制訂大中小型企業的統計分類。
我國中小企業最新劃分標准
根據第九屆全國人民代表大會常務委員會第二十八次會議於2002年6月29日通過的《中華人民共和國中小企業促進法》的精神，原國家家經濟貿易委員會、原國家發展計劃委員會、財政部、國家統計局於2003年2月19日發布了《關於印發中小企業標准暫行規定的通知》（國經貿中小企〔2003〕143號），對主要行業的中小企業的標准作出了明確的界定。該標準是根據企業職工人數、銷售額、資產總額等指標，結合行業特點制定的。按照《通知》的規定，不同行業的中小企業應該按照以下標准認定：
工業，中小型企業須符合以下條件：職工人數2000 人以下，或銷售額30000 萬元以下，或資產總額為40000 萬元以下。其中，中型企業須同時滿足職工人數300 人及以上，銷售額3000 萬元及以上，資產總額4000 萬元及以上；其餘為小型企業。
建築業，中小型企業須符合以下條件：職工人數3000 人以下，或銷售額30000 萬元以下，或資產總額40000 萬元以下。其中，中型企業須同時滿足職工人數600 人及以上，銷售額3000 萬元及以上，資產總額4000 萬元及以上；其餘為小型企業。
批發和零售業，零售業中小型企業須符合以下條件：職工人500 人以下，或銷售額15000 萬元以下。其中，中型企業須同時滿足職工人數100 人及以上，銷售額1000 萬元及以上；其餘為小型企業。
批發業中小型企業須符合以下條件：職工人數200 人以下，或銷售額30000 萬元以下。其中，中型企業須同時滿足職工人數100 人及以上，銷售額3000 萬元及以上；其餘為小型企業。
交通運輸和郵政業，交通運輸業中小型企業須符合以下條件：職工人數3000 人以下，或銷售額30000 萬元以下。其中，中型企業須同時滿足職工人數500 人及以上，銷售額3000 萬元及以上；其餘為小型企業。郵政業中小型企業須符合以下條件：職工人數1000 人以下，或銷售額30000 萬元以下。其中，中型企業須同時滿足職工人數400 人及以上，銷售額3000 萬元及以上；其餘為小型企業。
不同國家、不同經濟發展的階段、不同行業對其界定的標准不盡相同，且隨著經濟的發展而動態變化。各國一般從質和量兩個方面對中小企業進行定義，質的指標主要包括企業的組織形式、融資方式及所處行業地位等，量的指標則主要包括雇員人數、實收資本、資產總值等。量的指標較質的指標更為直觀，數據選取容易，大多數國家都以量的標准進行劃分，如美國國會2001年出台的《美國小企業法》對中小企業的界定標准為雇員人數不超過500人，英國、歐盟等在採取量的指標的同時，也以質的指標作為輔助。
住宿和餐飲業，中小型企業須符合以下條件：職工人數800 人以下，或銷售額15000 萬元以下。其中，中型企業須同時滿足職工人數400 人及以上，銷售額3000 萬元及以上；其餘為小型企業。
「職工人數」以現行統計制度中的年末從業人員數代替；「工業企業的銷售額」以現行統計制度中的年產品銷售收入代替；「建築業企業的銷售額會計科目」以現行統計制度中的年工程結算收入代替；「批發和零售業的銷售額」 以現行統計制度中的年銷售額代替；「交通運輸和郵政業，住宿和餐飲業企業的銷售額」以現行統計制度中的年營業收入代替；「資
產總額」 以現行統計制度中的資產合計代替。規定適用於在中華人民共和國境內依法設立的各類所有制和各種組織形式的企
業，職工人數800 人以下。企業是與所處行業的大企業相比人員規模、資產規模與經營規模都比較小的經濟單位。
中小企業財務困境的現狀或者表現
隨著招商引資力度進一步加大和民營經濟的迅猛發展，中小企業如雨後春筍般不斷涌現，2003年海安國稅新增納稅人1842戶，比上年同期增長47 %.2004年縣政府下達民營企業發展目標，要求新發展個體私營企業 9250戶。不斷增加的中小企業一方面增加了稅源，另一方面也對基層稅收管理帶來很大的挑戰。最近，在進行納稅評估、一般納稅人復檢等工作時事，對中小企業的財務狀況進行抽樣調查，其結果不盡如意，提高中小企業財務核算水平、加強財務管理已刻不容緩。 Which are small and medium-sized instries and large enterprises compared to staff size, asset size and management are relatively small economic units.
Different countries and different economic development stages, in different sectors to define their standards vary, and with the economic development and dynamic change. States generally qualitative and quantitative aspects of the definition of SMEs, the main qualitative indicators, including business forms of organization, financing methods and the status of where the instry, the volume indicators are mainly the number of employees, paid-up capital, total assets and so on. Volume of more qualitative indicators of indicators more intuitive, easy data selection, the majority of countries have divided the volume of standards, such as the U.S. Congress in 2001 introced the "United States Small Business Act" for SMEs to define standards for the number of employees does not exceed 500 people, the United Kingdom, the European Union, taking the volume of indicators, but also to qualitative indicators as a supplement.
Small and medium-sized countries in the world and regional criteria for the classification:
United States: the number of employees not more than 500 people
Britain: a qualitative states: smaller market share; owners personally management; enterprises operating independently.
Volume indicators: a small manufacturing: 200 people employed in the following
Small construction, mining: 25 people employed in the following
Small retail: Sales revenue was £ 185,000 in the following
Small wholesale instry: Sales revenue was £ 730,000 in the following
EU: the number of employees in the following 250 people and an annual output value is not more than 40 million ECU, or the annual funding total liabilities are not accounted for more than 27 million ECU, and do not be one or a few large companies holding more than 25% stake. One of: less than 50 employees, annual output value of not more than 7 million ECU or an annual total liabilities assets not more than five million ECU, and have independent legal status of enterprises.
Japan: Manufacturing: 300 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 300,000,000
Wholesale instry: 100 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 100,000,000 following
Retail: 50 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 50,000,000
Services: 100 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 50,000,000 following
China's current criteria for the classification of small and medium enterprises for the 2003 National Economic and Trade Commission, the State Planning Commission, Ministry of Finance, National Bureau of Statistics to study the formulation of the "Provisional Regulations on small and medium-sized standards," which national statistical offices to develop the statistical classification of small, medium and large enterprises.
China's latest criteria for the classification of small and medium-sized
According to the Ninth National People's Congress Standing Committee meeting of 28th June 29, 2002 through the "People's Republic of China SME Promotion Law," the spirit of the former State Economic and Trade Commission at home, the former State Development Planning Commission, Ministry of Finance, National Bureau of Statistics in February 19, 2003 issued the "small and medium-sized standards regarding the issuance of the notice required under the temporary" (economic and trade SMEs 〔2003〕 No. 143), the main criteria for small and medium-sized instries has made a specific defined. The standard is based on the number of enterprise employees, sales, total assets, such as indicators, combined with the characteristics of developed instry. In accordance with the "Notice" provisions of the small and medium enterprises in different sectors should be identified in accordance with the following criteria:
Instry, small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees in 2000 the following people, or sales below 300 million yuan, or total assets of 400 million yuan for the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 300 sales and over 30 million yuan, with total assets of 40 million yuan and above; the rest for small businesses.
The construction instry, small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees 3000 people following, or sales below 300 million yuan, or total assets of 400 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 600 sales and over 30 million yuan, with total assets of 40 million yuan and above; the rest for small businesses.
Wholesale and retail trade, small and medium-sized retail enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: 500 or fewer workers, or sales of 150 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 100 sales and over 1000萬元; the rest for small businesses.
Wholesale trade of small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: 200 or fewer employees, or sales of 300 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 100 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses.
Transportation and postal service, transport small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees 3000 people following, or sales of 300 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 500 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses. Post instry small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees 1000 people following, or sales of 300 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 400 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses.
Different countries and different economic development stages, in different sectors to define their standards vary, and with the economic development and dynamic change. States generally qualitative and quantitative aspects of the definition of SMEs, the main qualitative indicators, including business forms of organization, financing methods and the status of where the instry, the volume indicators are mainly the number of employees, paid-up capital, total assets and so on. Volume of more qualitative indicators of indicators more intuitive, easy data selection, the majority of countries have divided the volume of standards, such as the U.S. Congress in 2001 introced the "United States Small Business Act" for SMEs to define standards for the number of employees does not exceed 500 people, the United Kingdom, the European Union, taking the volume of indicators, but also to qualitative indicators as a supplement.
Accommodation and catering instry, small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: 800 or fewer employees, or sales of 150 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 400 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses.
"Employees" to the existing statistical system of the end of a few employees in lieu of; "sales of instrial enterprises" to the existing statistical system in lieu of annual sales revenue; "construction enterprises sales accounts" to the existing statistical system annual income in lieu of clearing works; "wholesale and retail sales" to the existing statistical system in lieu of annual sales; "transport and postal service, accommodation and catering instry sales enterprise" to the existing statistical system of the year operating income in lieu of; "funding
The total proction "to the existing statistical system in lieu of total assets. Shall apply to the territory of the People's Republic of China established by law and various organizations of various ownership forms of enterprises
Instry, number of employees below 800 people. Enterprises which are instries with large enterprises compared to staff size, asset size and management are relatively small economic units.
The status of the financial plight of small and medium-sized or the performance of
With the investment was further enlarged and the rapid development of private economy, small and medium enterprises such as the continuing mushrooming, MSC 2003, National Tax Added taxpayers 1842, more than 47 percent year-on-year growth in the county government issued .2004 private enterprise development goals requiring new development of indivial and private enterprises 9250. Increasing number of SMEs on the one hand, an increase of tax sources, on the other hand, the grass-roots tax management a great challenge. Recently, ring the tax assessment, the general taxpayer, such as job review current events, the financial situation of small and medium enterprises to conct a sample survey, the results are not smug, improve financial accounting standards for SMEs to strengthen financial management and no time to lose.
Ⅲ 中小民營企業融資問題國內外研究現狀存在的問題
相信市場，但也不能迷信市場。在民間借貸之外，還要建立一整套應急狀態下的觸發機制。專一旦發生中屬小企業融資成本過高，國有商業銀行、股份制金融機構、擔保公司、小額貸款組織等便應自覺響應政府幹預，按照比例、降息讓利、分類發放中小企業貸款，切實落實支持發展中小企業的國家戰略。
「民營經濟成就了浙江，是浙江的瑰寶，我們要像愛護眼睛一樣愛護它們。」目有疾，自當醫。而這種醫治，不僅要給予其應急性的資金支持，更要著力約束資金流向，規避應急貸款再次流入資本市場的風險，引導中小企業走向實體繁榮的康莊大道。由此而論，根治溫州企業近年來從房產到能源再到古董的炒作之風，才能矯正被扭曲了的經濟結構，才能盡量減少無謂的行政干預，才能重新提振實業起家的勇氣與輝煌。
Ⅳ 國外中小企業的融資方式主要有哪些
國外中小企業融資的主要方式
中小企業的資金的來源無非是以下幾種：一是自籌，二是直接融資，三是間接融資，四是政府扶持資金等。
關於自籌資金。它包括的范圍非常廣泛，主要有業主自有資金；風險投資資金；企業經營性融資資金；企業間的信用貸款；中小企業間的互助機構的貸款；以及一些社會性基金的貸款等等。關於直接融資。是指以債券和股票的形式公開向社會籌集資金的渠道。關於間接融資。主要包括各種短期和中長期貸款。貸款方式主要有抵押貸款、擔保貸款和信用貸款等。
不同類型的中小企業融資特點不同，當然對融資渠道和條件的要求也不同。從融資的角度看，中小企業可分為製造業型、服務業型、高科技型以及社區型等幾種類型。各類型的中小企業的融資特點和要求各不相同。
中小企業融資政策的比較
政府的資金支持是中小企業資金來源的一個重要組成部分。綜合各國的情況來看，政府的資金支持一般能佔到中小企業外來資金的10％左右，具體是多少則決定於各國對中小企業的相對重視程度以及各國企業文化的傳統。各國對中小企業資金援助的方式主要包括：
1、稅收優惠。發達國家企業稅收一般占企業增加值的40-50％。在實行累進稅制的情況下，中小企業的稅負相對輕一些，但也占增加值的30％左右，負擔仍較重。為進一步減輕稅負，各國採取了一系列的措施。
2、財政補貼。財政補貼的應用環節是鼓勵中小企業吸納就業、促進中小企業科技進步和鼓勵中小企業出口等。
3、貸款援助。政府幫助中小企業獲得貸款的主要方式有：貸款擔保、貸款貼息、政府直接的優惠貸款等。
4、風險資本。歐美等國家多由民間創立、而日本等國主要為政府設立。
5、鼓勵中小企業到資本市場直接融資。為解決中小企業的直接融資問題，一些國家探索開辟「第二板塊」，為中小企業，特別是科技型中小企業，提供直接融資渠道。
國外經驗對中國的啟示
為建立有中國特色的中小企業正常的資金融通體系和渠道，完善我國政府的資金扶持政策體系，借鑒國外的先進經驗，特提出如下建議：
1、進一步加快現代規范的企業制度建設，還公司制中小企業符合市場經濟運行機制要求的自然的直接融資權。
2、建立專門的中小企業金融機構，鼓勵中小企業間建立互助金融組織。
3、建立符合我國國情的「第二板塊市場」。
4、鼓勵中小企業的創業者向親朋好友借資。
5、要從稅收、財政支出、貸款援助和直接融資等各方面建立和完善我國中小企業資金扶持政策體系。
6、依國情選擇中小企業的扶持重點。
7、建立中小企業平穩「退出」的安撫政策
Ⅳ 中小企業融資問題及對策國內外研究發展現狀及趨勢
一、中小企業融資現狀：中小企業融資難，已是不爭的事實。
二、中小企業融資困境的原因：
(一)我國缺乏對中小企業融資的政策扶持
(二)我國缺乏專門的金融管理機構
(三)中小企業經營穩定性差，增加了銀行的信貸風險
(四)中小企業可用於抵押擔保的資產不足
(五)中小企業信用等級低，貸款成本高，銀企關系惡劣
三、中小企業融資難的（國內）解決對策：
(一)加快中小企業自身建設，改革中小企業經營機制，盡快建立健全適合中小企業發展的經營決策機制，建立健全完善的企業財務制度，提高企業經營決策的透明度與科學性，充分實現信息公開，解決銀企關系中信息不對稱的問題。
(二)加快推進金融體制改革，建立健全能為中小企業融資提供金融服務的中小金融機構體系。
1、建立完善中小金融機構，形成為中小企業服務的中小金融機構體系。
2、加快推進多層次資本市場體系的建立與完善，打開中小企業融資的直接渠道，拓寬中小企業融資途徑。
3、建立風險投資基金。
(三)轉換政府職能，由過去的單純管理型逐步向服務型轉變，理順政企關系，積極疏通中小企業融資渠道，建立健全社會化服務體系 。
四、中小企業融資難的（國外）解決參考：
（一）以美國為代表的信貸擔保為主的模式，美國的信貸擔保模式資金利用效率高、中小企業受益廣、資金安全系數高，但手續復雜，獲得貸款時間相對較長，對中小企業和經濟的啟動作用相對較慢。
（二）以日本為代表的直接「優惠」信貸(相對民間商業銀行對中小企業較高的信貸利率而言)模式，日本的直接信貸支持模式需要政府投入的資金量大，資金風險也較大，但手續相對較簡便，獲得貸款時間較短，對中小企業和經濟的啟動作用相對較快。
因此，我國可以充分利用這兩種政府對中小企業資金扶持模式的特點及長處，根據某一時刻我國中小企業和國民經濟運行的特點，靈活地運用這兩種方式，以取得政府扶持中小企業資金的最大效果。
Ⅵ 中英對照關於中小企業融資問題的！
1萬字的
Automatically translated text:
The definition of lease financing
Finance leases (Financial Leasing) also known as the Equipment Leasing (Equipment Leasing), or modern leasing (Modern Leasing), and is essentially transfer ownership of the assets of all or most of the risks and rewards of the lease. The ultimate ownership of assets to be transferred, or may not transfer.
It refers to the specific content of the lessee to the lessor under the lease object and the specific requirements of the supplier selection, vendor financing to purchase rental property, and the use of leased to a lessee, the lessee to the lessor to pay instalments rent, the lease term lease ownership of objects belonging to the lessor of all, the tenant has the right to use the leased items. Term expired, and finished the lessee to pay rent under the lease contract financing to fulfil obligations in full, leasing objects that vesting ownership of all the lessee. Despite the finance lease transactions, the lessors have the identity of the purchase of equipment, but the substantive content of the purchase of equipment suppliers such as the choice of the specific requirements of the equipment, the conditions of the purchase contract negotiations by the lessee enjoy and exercise, lessee leasing object is essentially the purchaser. , Is a finance lease extension of loans and trade and technology updates in the new integrated financial instry. Because of its extension of loans and combination of features, there is a problem in leasing companies can recycling, treatment of leasing, and so the financing for the enterprise credit and secured the main requirement, it is very suitable for SME financing. In addition, the leasing of sheet financing, not reflected in the financial statements of the enterprise liability, does not affect the credit status of enterprises. This multi-channel financing needs of SMEs in terms of it is very beneficial.
Leasing and financing lease of a traditional nature of the difference is: traditional lease to the tenant leasing the use of objects of the time rent, and finance lease financing costs to the tenant occupying the time of rental. The market economy develops to a certain stage and the adaptation of a strong financing, in the 1950s in the United States have a new type of trading, as it adapted to the requirements of modern economic development, in the 60 to 70 the rapid development in the world, and today has become a business update equipment one of the main means of financing, known as the "sunrise instry." China in the early 1980s after the introction of this operational modalities for over 10 years has been the rapid development, compared with developed countries, the advantages of leasing is far from being played out, the market potential is huge.
[Edit] the main characteristics of the leasing
The main characteristics of the leasing is: the ownership of objects as leasing is the lessor in order to control the risk of the tenant rent reimbursement taken a form of ownership, at the end of the contract could eventually be transferred to the lessee, the lease purchase items from lease people choose, maintenance from the tenant responsible for the lessor to provide financial services only. Rent calculation principles are: to lease the lessor objects based on the purchase price, occupied by the lessee to the lessor of funds based on time, according to a mutually agreed rental rates. It is essentially dependent on the traditional leasing financial transactions, is a special kind of financial instruments.
[Edit] the type of lease financing
1. Simple financing lease
Financing lease is a simple, by the lessee choose to purchase the rental property, the lessor on the lease project through risk assessment after the rental lease to the lessee the use of objects. Throughout the lease period the lessee does not enjoy the right to use the title, and is responsible for repair and maintenance of leasing objects. The lessor's lease is good or bad thing without any liability, equipment depreciation in the tenant side.
2. Leveraged lease financing
Leveraged leasing practices similar to syndicated loans, is a specialized leasing to large-scale projects with the tax benefits of lease financing, mainly led by a leasing company as a trunk, and for the lease of a very large project financing. First set up a leasing company from the operation of the main institutions - a project-based fund management company set up projects to provide more than 20% of the total amount of funds, and the remaining part was the main source of funds banks and social absorb idle idle funds, the use of 100 percent enjoy low tax benefits "in the eight Bo" leverage for the leasing project large amount of funds. The remaining financing and leasing practices are basically the same, but because of the complexity of the contract covers a wide range and even greater. As can enjoy tax benefits, operating norms, comprehensive benefits, and recovery of rent safe, low-cost, and are generally used for aircraft, ships, communications equipment and large complete sets of equipment lease financing.
3. Commissioned by the Financial Leasing
Is a way to have the funds or equipment entrusted to non-bank financial institutions in the financing lease, the lessor is also the first client, the second is the trustee of the lessor at the same time. The lessor to accept the client's money or lease of the subject matter, according to the client's written by the client designated for the lessee of the leasing business. In the subject of the lease term lease of the property of the client, the lessor only charges, not to take risks. Such leasing commissioned a major characteristic is not to lease the right to operate the enterprise, "by the right" business. E-commerce is on the lease by lease rental as a business platform.
The second is the lessor or lessee commissioned by the lease purchase of a third person, the lessor under the contract to pay the purchase price, also known as commissioned by the lease purchase financing.
4. Project finance leasing
Lessee to project their own property and to ensure efficiency, and the lessor signed a finance lease contract, the lessor to the lessee of the property and other projects without recourse to the proceeds, we can only rent charged to the project's cash flow and profitability to determine. The seller (that is leasing goods manufacturers) through their holding leasing companies to promote their procts in this way, and expand market share. Communications equipment, medical equipment, transportation equipment, or even the right to operate highway can be used this way. Others, including the return of leasing, also known as sale and leaseback financing leasing; financing to leasing, also known as the financing to leasing.
[Edit] the risk of lease financing
Finance leases from the risk of many uncertain factors, is multifaceted and interrelated, in the full understanding of the operational activities of the characteristics of various risks can be comprehensive, scientific analysis of risks to formulate corresponding measures. The risk of financing leasing main categories as follows:
(1) proct market risks. In the market environment, regardless of the financing lease, loan or investment, as long as the funds used to purchase equipment or to carry out technological transformation, first of all, should consider leasing equipment procts market risks, which need to know to sell the procts, market share rate and occupancy, proct trends in the development of the market, the consumption structure and the mentality of the consumers and consumption capacity. If these factors are not fully understand, the survey are not careful, and may increase the market risk.
(2) financial risks. For the leasing of a financial nature, financial risks throughout the entire business activities. The lessor, the biggest risk is that the lessee is also rent capacity, it has a direct impact on the operation of leasing companies and survival, therefore, the risk of also rent from the project began, it should be cause for concern.
Currency also have risks, especially international payments, methods of payment, payment date, time, the remittance channels and means of payment options improperly, will increase the risk.
(3) Trade risk. For the leasing of a trade properties, the risks of trade negotiations to orders from the acceptance testing there is a risk. The merchandise trade in the modern development of a relatively complete, the community is also supporting the establishment of corresponding institutions and preventive measures, such as a letter of credit, transport insurance, commodity inspection, commercial arbitration and the risk of credit counseling have taken precautions and remedial measures, but because people's awareness and understanding of the risks of different degrees, and some means of a commercial nature, coupled with the inexperience of the management of enterprises and other factors, all of these instruments have not been used, making trade risk still exists.
(4) technical risks. One of the benefits of lease financing before other enterprises is the introction of advanced technology and equipment. In the actual course of the operation, or advanced technology, advanced technology is mature, mature technology for the legal rights and interests of others, is an important risk a technical reasons. Serious, e to technical problems so that equipment in a state of paralysis. Other risks include the economic environment, force majeure, and so on.
[Edit] the accounting treatment of lease financing
[Edit], the tenant on the accounting treatment of lease financing
1, the start of the lease accounting treatment
At the start of the lease, the tenant will usually be the start of the lease rental assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the lower of the two leased assets as recorded value of the minimum lease payments as a long-term payables recorded value, and the difference between the two records is not recognised financing costs. However, if the assets of the leasing assets of the enterprise small proportion of the total, the tenant may be the start of the lease in the minimum lease payment records of assets and long-term rent payments. This time, the "proportional" not usually refers to fixed assets financed by leasing the lessee total assets total less than 30% (including 30%). Under such circumstances, rent for the financing of long-term assets and the determination of the amount e, the tenant may, at its option, which can be used minimum lease payments, and can also be used leasing assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the two in the lower. Then what "leasing the original book value of assets" refers to the start of the lease rental, as reflected in the accounts, the book value of the leased asset.
Lessee in the calculation of the minimum lease payments at the current value, if the lessor that the interest rate implicit in the lease, the lessor should be used as the interest rate implicit in the discount rate, otherwise, shall be stipulated in the lease contract interest rate as the discount rate . If the lessor's interest rate implicit in the lease and rental rates stipulated in the contract are not available, it should be used over the same period interest rates on bank loans as the discount rate. Which is implicit in the lease rates, in the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments and the present value of the unsecured portion of the resial value of the current value of assets and equivalent to the original book value of the discount rate.
2, the initial direct costs of the accounting treatment
Initial direct costs refer to the lease negotiations and the signing of the lease agreement occurred in the course of the lease can be directly attributable to the cost of the project. Lessee in the initial direct costs usually have stamp ty, commission, attorney fees, travel expenses, such as the costs of negotiations. Lessee in the initial direct costs should be recognised as an expense in the current period. Accounts for its handling: debit "management fees" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
3, no finance charge assessed
In the finance lease, the lessee to the lessor to pay the rent, include the repayment of principal and interest in two parts. Lessee to pay rent, on the one hand to rece long-term payables, on the other hand, while not confirmed by the leasing costs for a certain method to confirm the current financing costs, the first rent (that is, initially matching each rental payment) Under the circumstances, the lease term is the first phase of rent paid no interest, should only rece the long-term payments, not to confirm the current financing costs.
Not sharing in the finance costs, the lessee should be used to calculate certain way. According to the guidelines, the lessee can be used in real interest rates, the straight-line method can also be used and the number of years of combined law. In using the effective interest method, in accordance with the inception of the lease is a lease assets and liabilities are recorded based on the value of different financing costs assessment rate options are also different. No finance charge assessed specific divided into the following types:
(1), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments accounted for the present value of value to the investor and the interest rate implicit in the lease for the discount rate. Under such circumstances, investors should be the interest rate implicit in the lease for the assessment rate.
(2), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments for the present value of recorded value, and to lease contract provides for the interest rate as the discount rate. In such circumstances, should be stipulated in the lease contract as the rate of assessment rates.
(3), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist resial value guarantees and preferential purchase right to choose. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. Financing cost-sharing rate refers to the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments equal to the present value of lease assets in the original book value of the discount rate. In the lessee or related to the leased asset resial value of the third-party security situation, and the similar, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.
(4), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist guaranteed resial value, but there is preferential option to purchase. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. At the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.
(5), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset value accounted for, and the existence of the lessee guaranteed resial value.
Under such circumstances, the cost-sharing should be re-financing rate. Related to the lessee or third parties on the resial value of leased assets as security has been provided or not at the end of the lease renewal and to pay a penalty of circumstances, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to the guaranteed resial value, or to be paid by the breach.
Lessee shall pay each of the rent shall be the amount of rent paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," subjects, credited to "bank" subjects, if payment of rent, which includes compliance costs, At the same time debit should be "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects. At the same time should be recognized in accordance with the current amount of the finance charge, debit "financial costs" subjects, credited the "no finance charge" subjects.
4, the leased asset depreciation Provision
Tenants should finance the lessee Provision for depreciation of fixed assets, should address two main issues:
(1), depreciation policy
Provision for asset depreciation, lease, the tenant should be its own assets Provision line depreciation method. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset security has been provided, should be credited for the amount of depreciation on fixed assets, and the inception of the lease accounting resial value after decting the value of the balance. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset resial value of the security has been provided, the total amount of depreciation should be credited for the start of the lease value of fixed assets recorded.
(2), the depreciation period
Identify the leased asset depreciation period, should be in accordance with the lease contract. If reasonable certainty that the lessee at the end of the lessee will obtain ownership of the leased asset, the lessee can be identified with all of the assets of the remaining useful life, and should therefore be the start of the lease to lease the remaining useful life of assets as depreciation period; If you can not reasonably determine whether the lease to the lessee at the end of the lease ownership of the assets to be made to the lease period and the remaining useful life of the leased asset in the shorter of the two as the depreciation period.
5, the accounting treatment of compliance costs
Many types of compliance costs, rent for the financing of fixed assets improved expenditure, technical advice and service charges, fees should be increased staff training credited to the extension of sharing costs, debit "long-term prepaid expenses," and "accrued expenses" , "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects, the fixed assets regular maintenance, insurance, etc. can be directly charged to expense in the current period, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank deposits, "wait until the subjects.
6, or the accounting treatment of rent
Since the rent or the amount of uncertainty, unable to adopt a rational approach to its system for sharing, in the actual event, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
7, at the end of the lease accounting treatment
At the end of lease, the tenant on the lease is usually the disposition of the assets of three circumstances:
(1), the return of the leased asset. Debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," and "accumulated depreciation" subjects, credited "fixed assets - fixed assets financed by leasing all" subjects.
(2), renewable lease concession assets. If the lessee to exercise the right to choose renewable concession, the lease shall be deemed to have been made the presence of the corresponding accounting treatment. If no expiry of renewal, to the lessor under the lease contract to pay a penalty, debit "operating expenses" subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
(3), stay purchase the leased asset. In the lessee enjoy preferential purchase right to choose, purchase price paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance lease," credited "bank" and other subjects at the same time, will be fixed assets from "all fixed assets financed by leasing" Details Details of the other subjects into subjects.
Ⅶ 國外中小企業融資現狀
中小企業直接融資狀況。目前，中小企業直接融資的狀況並不十分理想。我國在主板市場上市的企業有1000多家，而且大都是國有企業，僅有那些產品成熟、效益好、市場前景廣闊的高科技產業和基礎產業類的少數中小企業可以爭取到直接上市籌資、或者通過資產置換借「殼」買「殼」上市的機會。盡管我國有關部門即將出台企業債券管理新條例，企業債券的發行主體將有所放寬，原先對項目的限制將有所松動，但對中小企業來說，在一定時期內還將不在眾券商備選企業之列。職工集資是中小企業的主要融資手段。由於企業在開辦初期很難得到金融機構的支持，所以大多數中小企業採用職工集資的方式籌集資金。入股是改制企業和股份制企業的重要融資方式，大多數已經占總資產的10%.
2.信用歧視。中央為了搞活企業，提出了「抓大放小」的方針政策，要求銀行部門要重點支持大企業，確保大企業的信貸，對中小企業就不重視，在確保大企業的基礎上才予以考慮，造成了對中小企業的信用歧視，導致銀行在對大企業和中小企業融資問題上的不平等。缺乏對中小企業信貸需求的重視。據統計，1998年工、農、中、建四家銀行新增貸款20.85億元，其中非國有經濟貸款僅新增1億多元，中長期貸款幾乎為零。隨著各國有商業銀行提出業務向中心城市發展戰略的實施，部分機構存在「重大輕小」的傾向，個別銀行有諸如一定數額以下或注冊資本金100萬以下企業不貸的規定，恰恰斷掉了貸款需求以「急、頻、少、繁」為主要特點的中小企業融資主渠道。
缺乏為中小企業貸款提供擔保的信用體系。就中小企業自身來講，一方面，固定資產較少，不足以抵押，貸款受到限制；另一方面，一些中小企業在改制過程中屢有逃費、懸空銀行債務現象發生，損害了自身的信用度。同時，企業也深感辦理抵押環節多、收費多，如在土地房產抵押評估和登記手續中，評估包括申請、實地勘測、限價估算等，登記包括土地權屬調查、地籍測繪、土地他向權利登記等，極為繁瑣。
.對非國有企業融資的歧視。長期以來，在政府和銀行方面，都存在這樣的觀念，認為大型企業都是國有的，貸款給他們是國家對國家的企業，不會造成國有資產的流失。而中小企業大多數是非國有的企業，效益不穩定，貸款回收不好，信譽差，容易導致國有資產流失，所以銀行一般對中小企業貸款十分慎重，條件較為苛刻。盡管現在比以前有所改善，但仍然存在這種現象。
.一些區域性的中小金融機構發展不規范，對中小企業的支持力度不夠。我國經濟中涌現出一批區域性的中小金融機構，本來應以支持中小企業的發展為己任。但在實際中，這些金融機構在業務發展上與國有金融機構有趨同的趨勢，不能真正面向中小企業，存在一定的信貸歧視現象。很多中小金融機構將大量資金上存或購買國債，對急需貸款的中小企業卻不予支持。
缺少為中小企業發展服務的金融機構。現在我國極為缺少切實面向中小企業服務的金融機構，民生銀行原來的初衷是為民營企業和中小企業服務的，可是現在它已經和其他股份制商業銀行沒有什麼區別了，其他新組建的城市商業銀行原來也是面向中小企業的，可由於資金、服務水平、項目有限，迫使它也逐步走向嚴格，限制了中小企業的融資。
Ⅷ 請大家幫我找一篇關於《中小企業融資方式選擇》的外國文獻，並且附中文翻譯。
SMEs in the country's economic and social development that plays an important role in the economic development and social stability of the important pillars in the actual work of financing constraints SME development has become the main obstacle.
In this paper, the status of financing for SMEs, the SME financing analysis factors. SME credit culture that loss, financial management confusion, poor economic returns, lack of credit guarantees, domestic financial instry and the integration of its own loans in the current austerity is the main obstacle to SME financing. Proposed solutions should focus on the current development of small and medium banks, establishing a sound credit guarantee system problems to a fundamental breakthrough in getting loans for SMEs bottlenecks contradictions. At the same time, from the perspective of building their own enterprises make policy recommendations.
中小企業在我國經濟和社會發展中具有舉足輕重の作用，是經濟發展和社會穩定の重要支柱，而在實際工作中，融資難已成為制約中小企業發展の主要障礙。
本文針對中小企業融資難の現狀，系統分析了中小企業融資難の主要原因。指出中小企業信用文化の缺失、財務管理混亂、經濟效益差、缺乏信用擔保、國內金融業自身の整合與貸款緊縮是我國當前中小企業融資の主要障礙。提出當前應重點解決發展中小銀行、建立健全信用擔保體系等方面問題，以便從根本突破中小企業貸款難の瓶頸矛盾。同時，從企業自身建設の角度提出政策建議。