国际金融英文ca

A. ACCA的考试难度如何，在中国的认可程度高吗

2016年03月11日

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acca国内认可度高吗？国外考ACCA和国内认可度一样吗？
acca国内认可度越来越高了，随着ACCA在国内的普及以及国内引进外企的加速，越来越多外企扎根在国内，同时acca在国内的认可度也随之越来越高了。
特别对于四大会计师事务所和外资企业的财务岗位来说，ACCA很重要。ACCA是你简历上的一个很重要的装饰和敲门砖。即便你在一些民企，看到ACCA的证书也会对你肃然起敬。
由于现在的竞争很激烈，而人事在查阅那么多人的简历的时候不可能看得很仔细，所以需要一两个抓人眼球的。ACCA就是很好的敲门砖。只要你将要从事财务、金融这一块，考出来是终生受用的，而且它的知识体系比较完整，不仅仅有会计课程，还有很多管理学方面的课。
那么我们来看看ACCA全球其他地区的认可度情况又如何呢？
ACCA在欧洲地区认可度
1、英国及爱尔兰共和国

ACCA专业资格得到英国及爱尔兰共和国的法律认可(Companies Act 1989, Insolvency Act & Financial Services and Markets Act)，赋予特许公认会计师(ACCA)在当地可以担任法定审计、破产管理、及商业投资顾问的法定工作。
ACCA专业资格得到英国皇室授予的皇家特许(Royal Charter)衔头。
特许公认会计师公会(ACCA)是英国及爱尔兰会计职业团体咨询委员会(CCAB)成员之一，其他成员是英格兰及威尔士特许会计师协会(ICAEW)、苏格兰特许会计师协会(ICAS)、爱尔兰特许会计师协会(ICAI)、英国特许管理会计师公会(CIMA)、及英国特许公共财务会计师公会(CIPFA)。凡是得到英国会计职业团体咨询委员会(CCAB)成员会籍的专业会计师在英国及爱尔兰当地是享有同等的专业地位，属于英国及爱尔兰当地的合资格会计师(Qualified Accountant)。
可是，在英国及爱尔兰地区，只有特许公认会计师(ACCA)、英格兰及威尔士特许会计师(ACA)、苏格兰特许会计师(CA)、及爱尔兰特许会计师(CA)可以有权在当地担任法定审计、破产管理、及商业投资顾问的法定工作。只要成为ACCA会员的5年后，以及符合一些特定条件，这样便可以成为英格兰及威尔士特许会计师协会会员(ACA)。ACCA专业资格得到英国及爱尔兰地区认可为最少等同当地会计荣誉学士学位程度。
2、欧洲联盟(EU)、欧洲经济共同体(EEA)、及瑞士根据欧盟互认协定(Mutual Recognition Directive)，ACCA专业资格得到欧洲联盟成员国、欧洲经济共同体国家成员国、及瑞士的法律认可，赋予特许公认会计师(ACCA)法定权力可以在当地执业。可是，可享有此欧盟互认协定的特许公认会计师(ACCA)就必须是欧洲联盟成员国或欧洲经济共同体成员国或瑞士其中一国的公民。 3、土耳其
ACCA与土耳其注册会计师协会(The Union of Chambers of Certified Public Accountants of Turkey)在2004年已经签定认可协议，ACCA会员符合一些特定条件便可以成为土耳其注册会计师(CPA)，土耳其注册会计师则可以透过应考 ACCA专业资格中的部份考试科目便可以成为特许公认会计师(ACCA)。
4、其他
ACCA资格得到欧洲国家包括塞浦路斯、马耳他、亚美尼亚及格鲁吉亚的当地认可。与此同时，ACCA亦与这四个欧洲国家的当地会计师公会举办会计师联合考试。
ACCA在美洲地区认可度
1、美国
ACCA与美国注册会计师协会(AICPA)现正相讨互认协议，希望最终达成两会会员能够互相成为对方公会会员。
美国科罗拉多州立会计师委员会(Colorado State Board of Accountancy)给予ACCA会员免除150学分和经验要求，只要在考取美国统一注册会计师考试(US Uniform CPA Examination)后便可以直接成为美国科罗拉多州(Colorado State)的注册会计师(CPA)，之后可以直接拿取美国注册会计师协会(AICPA)会员资格。
2、加拿大
ACCA资格得到加拿大政府认可，赋予法定权力可以为加拿大政府机构担任法定审计工作。根据加拿大学术评估机构(World Ecation Services)的评审结果，ACCA专业资格最少是等同加拿大四年制会计学士学位程度。
2007年1月开始，ACCA与加拿大注册会计师协会(CGA-CANADA)签定了全球互认协议，两会会员分别只要完成法律和税务复习，便可以成为对方公会会员。 3、中美洲、南美洲及加勒比海地区
ACCA资格得到当地国家及地区包括牙买加、特立尼达和多巴哥、圭亚那、巴巴多斯、巴哈马、伯利兹、多米尼加联邦、圣卢西亚、英属处女群岛、英属开曼群岛、英属百慕大及法属圭亚那的当地认可，直接赋予特许公认会计师(ACCA)法定权力或透过与当地会计师公会认可从而可以在当地执业。
ACCA在大洋洲地区认可度
1、澳大利亚
根据澳大利亚法例Corporation Act 2001, section 1282 & Practice Statement 180 Auditor recognition，赋予特许公认会计师(ACCA)在澳洲可以担任法定审计和破产管理的法定工作。
ACCA专业资格得到澳大利亚当地认可为最少等同澳洲会计学士学位程度。ACCA会员只要加考澳洲税务及法律两个考试科目，便可以成为澳洲国立会计师协会会员(National Institute of Accountants)或澳洲专业国立会计师(PNA)。除此之外，ACCA会员亦可以直接参加澳洲特许会计师公会(ICAA)的特许会计师课程(CA Program)，这样便可以成为澳洲特许会计师(CA)。
2、新西兰
根据新西兰法例Section 199 of the Companies Act 1993: Qualifications of Auditors，赋予特许公认会计师(ACCA)在新西兰可以担任法定审计的法定工作。根据特许公认会计师公会(ACCA)与新西兰特许会计师公会(NZICA)的**认可协定，只要ACCA会员符合一些特定条件，这样便可以成为新西兰特许会计师(CA)。
ACCA在亚洲地区认可度
1、中国大陆
ACCA与中国注册会计师协会(CICPA)现正相讨互认协议，希望最终达成两会会员能够容易成为对方公会会员。透过外资不断涌入中国及ACCA的国际影响力，ACCA资格在中国招聘市场得到广泛雇主尤其是外资企业的高度认可。
2、香港
ACCA与香港会计师公会(HKICPA)签定了互认协议，两会会员分别只要能够达成一些条件便可以成为对方公会会员。此外，透过历史原因及ACCA的国际影响力，ACCA资格在香港招聘市场得到广泛雇主的高度认可。
3、台湾
ACCA资格得到台湾政府认可，ACCA会员或特许公认会计师只要加考台湾会计师考试的部份科目，便可以成为台湾会计师(CPA)。
4、新加坡
ACCA与新加坡注册会计师公会(ICPAS)签定了互认协议及举办会计师联合考试。透过与新加坡注册会计师公会(ICPAS)的认可，从而赋予ACCA可以在新加坡当地执业。
5、马来西亚
ACCA资格得到马来西亚会计师协会(Malaysian Institute of Accountants)的认可，可以直接成为马来西亚特许会计师(CA)。
6、巴基斯坦
特许公认会计师(ACCA)可以直接出任巴基斯坦上市公司的法定公司秘书(Qualified Company Secretary)职位。与此同时，ACCA会员只要加考巴基斯坦特许会计师公会(Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan)考试的部份科目，便可以成为巴基斯坦特许会计师(CA)。
7、其他
ACCA资格亦是得到中国澳门特别行政区、越南、文莱、柬埔寨及老挝的当地认可，透过与当地会计师公会的认可从而赋予特许公认会计师(ACCA)可以在当地执业。
ACCA在非洲地区认可度
1、南非
ACCA资格得到南非注册会计师协会(Institute of Certified Public Accountants of South Africa)认可，可以直接成为南非注册会计师。根据南非官方的资历架构(National Qualifications Framework)，ACCA专业资格得到南非当地认可为等同南非硕士学位程度。
2、津巴布韦
ACCA是津巴布韦的公共会计及审计委员会(PAAB)成员之一，在当地享有制定及修改当地会计及审计相关的法例，以及直接赋予特许公认会计师(ACCA)法定权力可以在当地执业。
3、其他

ACCA资格亦是得到非洲国家包括埃及、博茨瓦纳、埃塞俄比亚、莱索托、马拉维、狮子山、斯威士兰、赞比亚、毛里求斯、尼日尔利亚的当地认可，透过与当地会计师公会的认可从而赋予特许公认会计师(ACCA)可以在当地执业。

本文由国内**的ACCA培训机构高顿财经整理

B. 国际金融开放经济的CA曲线左侧顺差右侧逆差怎么理解

出口大于进口，叫顺差 反之叫逆差

C. 国际金融的问题:解释CA=NIIP-NIIP-1的含义

一国对外资产与负债来相源抵而得到净值就是净国际投资头寸，用NIIP表示，经常账户为出口与进口的差额(NFP=0时),由NIIP的含义知,一国某一时期内的经常帐户的余额,即为本期NIIP相对上期NIIP的变化,即:CA= NIIP-NIIP-1

D. 各国的货币叫什么

1、美元

美元（United States dollar 货币缩写：USD；ISO 4217货币代码：USD；符号：USA$）是美利坚合众国的法定货币。目前流通的美元纸币是自1929年以来发行的各版钞票。

美元的发行主管部门是国会，具体发行业务由联邦储备银行负责办理。在二战以后，欧洲大陆国家与美国达成协议同意使用美元进行国际支付，此后美元作为储备货币在美国以外的国家广泛使用并最终成为国际货币。

2、欧元

欧元（Euro）是欧盟中19个国家的货币。欧元的19会员国是德国、法国、意大利、荷兰、比利时、卢森堡、爱尔兰、西班牙、葡萄牙、奥地利、芬兰、立陶宛、拉脱维亚、爱沙尼亚、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、希腊、马耳他、塞浦路斯。

1999年1月1日在实行欧元的欧盟国家中实行统一货币政策（Single Monetary Act），2002年7月欧元成为欧元区唯一合法货币。

3、英镑

英镑（Pound）是英国国家货币和货币单位名称。英镑主要由英格兰银行发行，但亦有其他发行机构。最常用于表示英镑的符号是£。国际标准化组织为英镑取的ISO 4217货币代码为GBP 。除了英国，英国海外领地的货币也以镑作为单位，与英镑的汇率固定为1:1。

由于英国是世界最早实行工业化的国家，曾在国际金融业中占统治地位，英镑曾是国际结算业务中的计价结算使用最广泛的货币。一战和二战以后，英国经济地位不断下降，但由于历史的原因，英国金融业还很发达，英镑在外汇交易结算中还占有非常高的地位。英镑上印有具有贡献的人物及皇室。

4、澳大利亚元

澳大利亚元（英语：Australian Dollar，简写A$或AUD）是澳大利亚的货币单位。澳大利亚元在外汇市场上，目前为交易量世界第五大的流通货币：居美元、欧元、日元、英镑之后，占总交易量的6%。2010年，澳大利亚元正式取代瑞士法郎的国际地位，成为全球第五大流通货币。

5、加拿大元

加拿大元的简称符号C$。是加拿大的官方货币。现行的加拿大纸币有5、10、20、50、100元5种面额。另有1元，2元和5、10、25分铸币。

加拿大银行（Bank of Canada/ Banque Canada) 创建于1934年，是加拿大的中央银行。加拿大银行负责加拿大的货币发行。

6、瑞士法郎

瑞士法郎（Swiss Franc）是瑞士和列支敦士登的法定货币，由瑞士的中央银行发行。瑞士法郎是一种硬通货。瑞士的大部分邻国使用欧元。瑞士境内亦有商铺、机构通行欧元。2015年01月15日起瑞士法郎与欧元脱钩。已经发行了1000, 200, 100, 50,20和10瑞士法郎纸币。货币代码：CHF。

7、日元

日元（日语：円，日语罗马音：en，英文：Yen），其纸币称为日本银行券，是日本的法定货币，日元也经常在美元和欧元之后被当作储备货币。

日元是日本的货币单位名称，创设于1871年5月1日。1897年日本确立金本位制，含金量定为0.75克，1953年5月含金量宣布为0.00246853克，1988年3月31日彻底废除金本位制度。

8、新加坡元

新加坡元是新加坡的法定货币，以S$标记。一元可被细分为10角（也称为“毛”）或者100分（cent）。新加坡元可分为纸币和硬币，从2004年起开始发行2元，5元及10元塑胶钞票。

1965年8月9日新加坡被迫退出马来西亚联邦宣告独立，12月22日成立共和国，但仍使用马来亚与英属婆㑩洲元。1967年，英镑贬值，原“马来亚与英属婆㑩洲货币委员会”停止发行马来亚与英属婆㑩洲元，新加坡于同一年开始发行自己的钞票“新加坡元”，至今共发行四套钞票。

7、挪威克朗

挪威克朗是北欧货币联盟的产物。挪威克朗是挪威王国的货币名称，由挪威银行发行。1克朗等于100欧尔（Ore）。流通的有1000、500、200、100、50面额的钞票，及20、10、5、1克朗和50、25、10、5、1欧尔的铸币。

经中国央行授权，自2016年12月12日起银行间外汇市场开展人民币对匈牙利福林、丹麦克朗、波兰兹罗提、墨西哥比索、瑞典克朗、土耳其里拉、挪威克朗直接交易。

10、瑞典克朗

瑞典克朗，ISO 4217代码SEK ，1668年，在瑞典成立，瑞典国家标准银行”（“国家银行”）发行。该行于1755年开始印制纸币，币面印着“仿冒者将处以死刑”的警告。瑞典克朗实行浮动制，从未参加欧洲货币体系。2012年，瑞典克朗作为诺贝尔奖金发放。

经中国央行授权，自2016年12月12日起银行间外汇市场开展人民币对匈牙利福林、丹麦克朗、波兰兹罗提、墨西哥比索、瑞典克朗、土耳其里拉、挪威克朗直接交易。

E. 国际金融Y-(C+ I +G)=CA中Y的含义

国内生产总值等于消费、投资、政府投资以及贸易收支的和。

F. 求国际贸易中常见的英文缩写````尽量多```3Q

BOC Bills for collection 托收单据

THC 码头操作费（香港收取） Terminal Handling Charges

CLC CONTAINER LOADING CHARGE 装箱,板费

HDC Handling Charge 代理费

TMC： TERMINAL CHARGE 终点站回费
TRC ：TRANSIT CHARGE 转运费
TTC ：TOTAL COLLECT 到付总额

OFT Ocean Freight 海运答费

DMF DEST.MODIFIED FEE 更改目的港
希望采纳

G. ACCA,CISA,FSA,CFA,CFP,PMP谁帮忙用英文解释下这几个金融资格职业证书,(不要解释是什么的缩写)

CISA is an audit professional certification sponsored by the Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA). Candidates for the certification must meet requirements set by ISACA。
The CISA certification was established in 1978[1] for several reasons:

Develop and maintain a tool that could be used to evaluate an indivials' competency in concting information system audits.
Provide a motivational tool for information systems auditors to maintain their skills, and monitor the success of the maintenance programs.

Provide criteria to help aid management in the selection of personnel and development.

The first CISA examination was administered in 1981, and registration numbers have grown each year. Over 60,000[1] candidates have earned the CISA designation.

The CISA certification has been recognised with ANSI accreditation, along with the CISM certification- both of these certifications are managed by ISACA. It is one of the few certifications formally approved by the US Department of Defense in their Information Assurance Technical category (DoD 8570.01-M).

Requirements
Candidates for a CISA certification must pass the examination, agree to adhere to ISACA's Code of Professional Ethics, submit evidence of a minimum of five years of professional IS auditing, control, or security work, and abide by a program of continuing professional ecation.

Substitutions and waivers of such experience may be obtained as follows:[2]

A maximum of one year of information systems experience OR one year of financial or operational auditing experience can be substituted for one year of information systems auditing, control, or security experience.
60 to 120 completed college semester credit hours (the equivalent of an Associate or Bachelor degree) can be substituted for one or two years, respectively, of information systems auditing, control or security experience.
Two years as a full-time university instructor in a related field (e.g., computer science, accounting, information systems auditing) can be substituted for one year of information systems auditing, control or security experience.

[edit] Examination
The exam consists of 200 multiple-choice questions that must be answered within 4 hours. The exam is split between 6 Content Areas as of 2006:

IS Audit Process - 10% of Exam
IT Governance - 15% of Exam
Systems and Infrastructure Lifecycle Management - 16% of Exam
IT Service Delivery and Support - 14% of Exam
Protection of Information Assets - 31% of Exam
Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery - 14% of Exam
The exam is now offered in 11 languages at more than 200 locations worldwide in June and December.
The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) is a British chartered accountancy body with a global presence that offers the Chartered Certified Accountant (Designatory letters ACCA or FCCA) qualification worldwide. It is one of the world's largest and fastest-growing accountancy bodies with 122,426 members and 325,606 affiliates and students in 170 countries. The Institute's headquarters are in London with the principal administrative office being based in Glasgow. In addition the ACCA has a network of nearly 80 staffed offices and other centres around the world.

The ACCA is a founding member body of the Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies (CCAB) and the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).

The term 'Chartered' in ACCA qualification refers to the Royal Charter granted in 1974 by Her Majesty the Queen in the United Kingdom.

Since Chartered Certified Accountant is a legally protected term, indivials who describe themselves as Chartered Certified Accountants must be members of ACCA and, if they carry out public practice engagements, must comply with additional regulations such as holding a practising certificate, being insured against any possible liability claims and submitting to inspections.

The Association of Authorised Public Accountants (AAPA), one of the British professional bodies for public accountants, has been a subsidiary of ACCA since 1996.

FSA is an independent non-governmental body, quasi-judicial body and a company limited by guarantee that regulates the financial services instry in the United Kingdom.
The Financial Services and Markets Act imposed four statutory objectives upon the FSA:
market confidence: maintaining confidence in the financial system
public awareness: promoting public understanding of the financial system;
consumer protection: securing the appropriate degree of protection for consumers; and
rection of financial crime: recing the extent to which it is possible for a business carried on by a regulated person to be used for a purpose connected with financial crime

[edit] Regulatory principles
The statutory objectives are supported by a set of principles of good regulation which the FSA must have regard to when discharging its functions. These are:

efficiency and economy: the need to use its resources in the most efficient and economic way.
role of management: a firm’ senior management is responsible for its activities and for ensuring that its business complies with regulatory requirements. This principle is designed to guard against unnecessary intrusion by the FSA into firms’ business and requires it to hold senior management responsible for risk management and controls within firms. Accordingly, firms must take reasonable care to make it clear who has what responsibility and to ensure that the affairs of the firm can be adequately monitored and controlled.
proportionality: The restrictions the FSA imposes on the instry must be proportionate to the benefits that are expected to result from those restrictions. In making judgements in this area, the FSA takes into account the costs to firms and consumers. One of the main techniques they use is cost benefit analysis of proposed regulatory requirements. This approach is shown, in particular, in the different regulatory requirements applied to wholesale and retail markets.
innovation: The desirability of facilitating innovation in connection with regulated activities. For example, allowing scope for different means of compliance so as not to unly restrict market participants from launching new financial procts and services.
international character: Including the desirability of maintaining the competitive position of the UK. The FSA takes into account the international aspects of much financial business and the competitive position of the UK. This involves co-operating with overseas regulators, both to agree international standards and to monitor global firms and markets effectively.
competition: The need to minimise the adverse effects on competition that may arise from the FSA's activities and the desirability of facilitating competition between the firms it regulates. This covers avoiding unnecessary regulatory barriers to entry or business expansion. Competition and innovation considerations play a key role in the FSA's cost-benefit analysis work. Under the Financial Services and Markets Act, the Treasury, the Office of Fair Trading and the Competition Commission all have a role to play in reviewing the impact of the FSA's rules and practices on competition.

[edit] Accountability and management
The FSA is accountable to Treasury Ministers, and through them to Parliament. It is operationally independent of Government and is funded entirely by the firms it regulates through fines, fees and compulsory levies. Its Board consists of a Chairman, a Chief Executive Officer, a Chief Operating Officer, two Managing Directors, and 11 non-executive directors (including a lead non-executive member, the Deputy Chairman) selected by, and subject to removal by, HM Treasury. Among these, the Deputy Governor for Financial Stability of the Bank of England is an ex officio Board member. This Board decides on overall policy with day-to-day decisions and management of the staff being the responsibility of the Executive. This is divided into three sections each headed by a Managing director and having responsibility for one of the following sectors: retail markets, wholesale and institutional markets, and regulatory services.

Its regulatory decisions can be appealed to the Financial Services and Markets Tribunal.

HM Treasury decides upon the scope of activities that should be regulated, but it is for the FSA to decide what shape the regulatory regime should take in relation to any particular activities.

The FSA is also provided with advice on the interests and concerns of consumers by the Financial Services Consumer Panel [2]. This panel describes itself as "An Independent Voice for Consumers of Financial Services". Members of the panel are appointed and can be dismissed by the FSA and emails to them are directed to FSA staff. The Financial Services Consumer Panel will not address indivial consumer complaints.

Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) is an international professional designation offered by the CFA Institute of USA (formerly known as AIMR) to financial analysts who complete a series of three examinations. Candidates must have a bachelor's degree (or equivalent), be in the final year of their bachelor's degree program, or have at least four years of qualified, professional work experience in order to take the exams. In order to become a "CFA Charterholder" candidates must pass all three exams, agree to comply with the code of ethics, pay member es, and have four years of work experience deemed acceptable by the CFA Institute. CFA charterholders are also obligated to adhere to a strict Code of Ethics and Standards governing their professional conct

The Certified Financial Planner (CFP) designation is a certification mark for financial planners conferred by the Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards in the United States, Financial Planners Standards Council in Canada and 18 other organizations affiliated with Financial Planning Standards Board (FPSB), the international owner of the CFP mark outside of the United States. To receive authorization to use the designation, the candidate must meet ecation, examination, experience and ethics requirements, and pay an ongoing certification fee.[1]. The information contained herein relates specifically to CFP certification in the United States. For information on CFP certification outside of the United States, please see the FPSB website at http://www.fpsb.org/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=84&Itemid=110 for a list of affiliate member organizations and their respective websites.
The CFP Certification Examination is a 10-hour multiple choice exam, divided into one four-hour session (Friday afternoon) and two three-hour sessions (Saturday). The exam includes three major case problems and is designed to assess the student's ability to apply his or her knowledge of the aforementioned areas to financial planning situations. The exam was set as a requirement in 1993 and at that time CFPs were grandfathered without having to pass this exam. [5]

Indivials holding professional designations pre-approved by the CFP Board (like PhDs in business and economics, attorneys, Certified Public Accountants (CPA), Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA), Chartered Accountants (CA), Chartered Wealth Managers (AAFM) ), and Chartered Financial Analysts (CFA) are entitled to register for and take the exam without having to complete the ecation requirements by using the CFP-board's challenge status.

Project Management Professional is properly expressed as the credential PMP. The credentialing agency is the Project Management Institute ([1] PMI). This credential is obtained by gaining a certification in project management through the completion of PMI certified training and examination. PMP training and examination material comes from the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge PMBOK published most recently in 2007. Most exam questions reference PMI's project quality standards documented in the PMBOK. The PMP credential undergoes rigorous validation by ISO, and the PMBOK methodology is widely regarded as the instry standard for Project Management and has been adopted as the single standard for project management by agencies such as NASA.

PMP (Project Management Professional) is one of four concentrations offered by PMI in the study of Project Management:
1. CAPM Certified Associate in Project Management: This certification is obtained after passing the CAPM Exam
2. PMP Project Management Professional: This certification is obtained after passing the PMP Exam
3. PgMP Program Management Professional: This certification is obtained after passing the PgMP Exam
4. PMI RMP PMI Risk Management Professional: This certification is obtained after passing the PMI-RMP Exam

H. 国际金融的问题：解释一下 CA=S-Id （经常账户余额=国内储蓄-对内投资）

经常项目差额的宏观经济含义
CA=If
S=Id+If
If =S- Id
CA= S-Id
Y=C+Id+G+X-M
E=C+ Id +G
Y=E+(X-M)
CA= X-M=Y-E
CA= If= S- Id=Y-E
根据这些等式,如果一国经常项目顺差,则意味着该国对外投资净额是正的(即该国是其他国家的净贷款供给国或投资国);该国的储蓄大于国内投资;该国的产出(收入)高于其对商品和劳务的支出(即吸收).相反,若一国经常项目存在逆差,则意味着该国是净对外借款国,该国国内储蓄少于投资,支出超过产出(或收入).
国际收支总差额的宏观经济含义
如果一国总差额顺差,就意味着该国官方储备资产增加或者外国作为官方储备持有该国的资产减少;相反,如果一国总差额逆差,就意味着该国官方储备资产减少或者外国作为官方储备持有该国的资产增加.官方储备是一国基础货币或高能货币的组成部分,它的变化会对许多宏观经济变量,如货币供给量,汇率,利率,私人金融资本的流动,国内资本形成,国内生产以及商品和劳务的进出口等产生重要影响.
在开放经济条件下,一国的货币供给(Ms)包括两个部分:国内创造部分(D)和来自国外部分(R).国内创造部分就是通过本国银行体系所创造的货币;来自国外部分是指经过国际收支获得的盈余(国际储备)所创造的货币.外国货币会转化为本国国际储备,形成高能货币.由于国际收支总差额意味着官方储备的增减,所以它的变动就会对一国的货币供给量产生重要的影响.国际收支总差额实际上可以看作是与货币供求相联系的一种货币现象,它是一国货币供给的自动调节机制.通过货币供给量的变动,国际收支总差额又会进一步对其他的宏观经济变量如汇率,利率,私人资本的流动,国内投资,生产以及进出口等产生重要的影响.

I. 国际金融学中CA和I中是不是有双重意义

1、经常项目差额的宏观经济含义
CA=If
S=Id+If
If =S- Id
CA= S-Id
Y=C+Id+G+X-M
E=C+ Id +G
Y=E+(X-M)
CA= X-M=Y-E
CA= If= S- Id=Y-E
根据这些等式,如果一国经常项目顺差,则意味着该国对外投资净额是正的(即该国是其他国家的净贷款供给国或投资国);该国的储蓄大于国内投资;该国的产出(收入)高于其对商品和劳务的支出(即吸收).相反,若一国经常项目存在逆差,则意味着该国是净对外借款国,该国国内储蓄少于投资,支出超过产出(或收入).
2、国际收支总差额的宏观经济含义
如果一国总差额顺差,就意味着该国官方储备资产增加或者外国作为官方储备持有该国的资产减少;相反,如果一国总差额逆差,就意味着该国官方储备资产减少或者外国作为官方储备持有该国的资产增加.官方储备是一国基础货币或高能货币的组成部分,它的变化会对许多宏观经济变量,如货币供给量,汇率,利率,私人金融资本的流动,国内资本形成,国内生产以及商品和劳务的进出口等产生重要影响.
3、在开放经济条件下,一国的货币供给(Ms)包括两个部分:国内创造部分(D)和来自国外部分(R).国内创造部分就是通过本国银行体系所创造的货币;来自国外部分是指经过国际收支获得的盈余(国际储备)所创造的货币.外国货币会转化为本国国际储备,形成高能货币.由于国际收支总差额意味着官方储备的增减,所以它的变动就会对一国的货币供给量产生重要的影响.
4、国际收支总差额实际上可以看作是与货币供求相联系的一种货币现象,它是一国货币供给的自动调节机制.通过货币供给量的变动,国际收支总差额又会进一步对其他的宏观经济变量如汇率,利率,私人资本的流动,国内投资,生产以及进出口等产生重要的影响.