1. 求英文高手帮忙翻译金融类毕业论文的摘要！万分感谢！
中国社会科学院院报 陈佳贵 黄群慧
从经济发展角度看，长期以来我国的基本国情一直是农业大国。但是，在经过几十年的建设特别是改革开放20余年高速工业化进程以后，到20世纪末21世纪初，我国已经成为名副其实的工业大国。
一、各种证据表明，我国的基本经济国情已经从农业大国转为工业大国
第＿，我国形成了庞大的工业生产能力，工业主要产品产量居世界前列。迄今为止，我国已经在能源、冶金、化工、建材、机械设备和通讯设备制造、交通运输设备制造及各种消费品等工业主要领域，形成了庞大的生产能力。我国主要工业产品，如煤炭、钢铁、发电、原油、水泥、化肥、化学纤维、棉布、糖和电视机等，其产量已经居世界前列.其中，2000年化学纤维产量居世界第2位；2002年，煤炭、钢铁、水泥、化肥、棉布和电视机产量居世界首位、发电量居世界第2位、糖产量居世界第3位、原油产量居世界第5位。目前，我国工业产值和增加值总量，仅低于美国、日本和德国。考虑到工业技术水平等因素，虽然我国还够不上真正意义的“世界工厂”，但从工业产品生产数量看，毋庸置疑，我国已经是一个工业大国。
第二，工业经济在整个国民经济中已占主体地位。1952年，第﹁产业（农、林、牧、渔）在国内生产总值中的比重为50.5%，在国民经济中占主体地位，到1980年下降为30.1%，2003年进一步下降到14.6%。与此对应，1952年第二产业（工业和建筑业）在国内生产总值中的比重为20.9%，到1980年上升为44.2%；2003年，第二产业生产总值达到61274.1亿元，占国内生产总值的52.2%，其中工业生产总值53092.9亿元，占国内生产总值的45.2%。按照每天创造的财富计算，2003年工业为145.5亿元，为第一产业46.8亿元的3.1倍，为第三产业106.5亿元的1.4倍。这表明，经过50余年工业化进程，尤其是改革开放以来20余年高速工业化进程，现在在我国国内生产总值构成中，工业几乎占有半壁江山，我国国民财富的主要来源是工业，国民经济结构已经实现从农业经济为主体到工业经济为主体的转变。虽然从人口的城乡比例看，我国仍是一个农业人口大国，2003年乡村人口和城镇人口比例为59.5∶40.4，但如果与1978年该比例为82.1∶17.9相比，考虑到现在12.8亿的总人口，应该说，这25年城乡人口比例的巨大的“量”的变化，已经能够反映出工业经济主导的社会经济结构的“质”的变化。
第三，我国已经成为工业对外贸易大国，在出口商品总额中，工业制成品出口占绝大部分，工业品国际竞争力得到显著提高。1980年，我国进出口总额仅为570.0亿元人民币，贸易依存度为12.6%。到2002年，我国进出口总额已经达到51378.2亿元人民币，贸易依存度为50.8%；我国进出口贸易总额占世界进出口贸易总额的4.7%，跃居世界第6位。2003年，我国进出口总额升至70483.5亿人民币，贸易依存度约为60.1%；我国进出口贸易总额占世界进出口贸易总额的5.6%，位居世界第4位，仅排在美国、德国和日本之后。2004年前11个月，我国外贸进出口总额达10383.8亿美元，同比增长36.5%，进口、出口总额分别跃过5000亿美元关口，累计实现贸易顺差204.8亿美元，全年外贸进出口总额将达到1.1万亿美元，位居世界第3位。这些数据表明，中国已经是一个对外贸易大国。在对外贸易规模扩大的同时，我国贸易结构也发生了巨大的变化。在1980年，我国出口商品中，初级产品出口额占出口商品总额的50.3%，工业制成品出口额占出口总额的49.7%。而到2000年以后，工业制成品的该项比例上升到90%以上，2001、2002、2003三年的数据分别为90.1%、91.2%、92.1%；初级产品的该项比例则相应下降到10%以下。不仅如此，工业品国际竞争力也得到显著改善和提高，自1994年以后，中国工业制成品的贸易竞争指数一直为正，1995~2003年中国工业制成品的贸易竞争指数分别为0.08、0.06、0.16、0.16、0.11、0.11、0.10、0.09、0.09，而初级产品的贸易竞争指数自1995年一直为负。
第四，中国工业化进程已经到中期阶段，基本完成了工业数量扩张的任务，不仅彻底结束了利用工农产品“剪刀差”来支持工业发展的局面，而且国家开始利用工商业发展来“反哺”农业。根据钱纳里等关于经济发展阶段的6个变动时期的划分，我国多数学者实证研究表明，中国工业化的进程总体上属于工业化中期阶段。对于中国这样一个具有13亿人口的大国而言，进入工业化中期，意味着已经具有了庞大的工业总量。而工业生产技术特别是加工工艺的广泛扩散，企业间价格竞争日趋激烈，利润日趋平均化，产业集中化步伐加快，这些现象也表明中国工业发展已经完成了数量扩张，开始呈现出工业化中后期所具有的提升工业增长质量的特征。社会主义国家工业化初期利用工农产品“剪刀差”支持工业快速发展的局面已经结束，国家财政用于补贴农业、解决“三农”问题的支出逐年增多。2000年，国家来自工商业的税收10366.09亿元，占全部税收的82.3%；农业税收465.31亿元，只占全部税收的3.70%；而同期国家财政用于农业的支出为1231.54亿元。2001、2002、2003年，国家来自农业的各项税收分别为481.70亿元、717.85亿元和871.77亿元，而用于农业的支出分别为1456.73亿元、1580.76亿元和1754.45亿元。2004年，国家在吉林、黑龙江两个粮食主产省先行免征农业税改革试点，河北、内蒙古、辽宁、江苏、安徽、江西、山东、河南、湖北、湖南、四川11个粮食主产省(自治区)农业税税率降低了3个百分点，河南、江苏、宁夏等地已经宣布2005年取消农业税。按照我国税收制度改革计划，在未来5年内全国各地都将先后取消农业税。
二、认识到我国是一个工业大国这个基本经济国情，对于制订经济现代化战略和政策、进一步推进我国现代化的整体进程具有重要意义
我国从农业大国向工业大国的基本国情变化表明，我国经济现代化进程进入了一个新的阶段。根据现有的大国的经济现代化经验，与三次产业结构演变规律相适应，可以将现代化进程划分为从农业大国到工业大国、工业大国到工业强国、工业强国到服务业大国三个阶段，这大致应该对应工业化初中期、工业化中后期和后工业化社会三个时期。对我国成为工业大国这个基本经济国情的判断，意味着我国经济现代化进程步入了第二阶段，我国应该根据这个阶段的主要特征制定科学的经济发展战略和政策。
第一，实现由工业大国向工业强国的转变、推进工业现代化进程是这个阶段的核心任务。我国已成为工业大国，但还不是工业强国。在当今世界格局下，象我们这样一个人口众多的社会主义国家要实现现代化，仅仅成为工业大国是不够的，必须能够成为一个工业强国。这个由工业大国向工业强国转变的过程实质就是推进工业现代化过程。工业是国民经济的主导力量，工业现代化是国民经济现代化的“发动机”。现阶段我国工业总量的庞大并不能掩盖工业素质较低、工业现代化水平有待提高的问题。无论是具有国际竞争力的大型工业企业相对缺乏，还是我国工业生产技术水平和研究开发能力与世界先进水平存在较大差距，以及在出口产品构成中附加值高的技术密集型产品出口比例小，整体工业劳动生产率低，等等，都表明了这一点。而且，推进工业现代化进程不仅仅是工业自身发展到一定阶段的必然要求，对于我国这样一个人均占有资源很少的人口大国，这也适应了工业化中期阶段以后必然要走的科技含量高、资源消耗低、环境污染少的新型工业化道路的要求。
第二，该阶段农业的发展和现代化依赖于工业积累支持和现代化工业的推动。尽管我国经济体制改革最早从农业开始，并且取得了举世瞩目的成就，但是，目前我国农产品的国际竞争力并不高，近10年贸易竞争指数一直小于零。面对“入世”后国际市场的激烈竞争，今后农业的发展离不开工业积累的支持和现代工业技术的推动。从国际经验看，工业发达国家普遍实行通过工业积累来支持农业的政策，对农产品施行价格补贴、提供信息、发放贷款、关税保护、出口补贴等各种扶持措施。随着我国工业日益强大，必然要逐步加大工业对农业的支持力度。
第三，在该阶段第三产业将加速发展，成为吸收农业剩余劳动力主要渠道，同时也为进入新的现代化阶段奠定基础。在实现由工业大国向工业强国的转变、推进工业现代化进程中，我国工业发展的重点将由数量扩张向质量提升转移，第二产业吸收农村剩余劳动力速度将大幅度下降。在我国第一产业从业人员还占全部从业人员将近一半的情况下，农业剩余劳动力的转移主要依靠第三产业的快速发展。不仅如此，随着工业现代化水平的提高，工业劳动生产率必将得到大幅度的提升，工业也会产生富裕劳动力问题，第三产业的发展还将承担吸收第二产业剩余劳动力的功能。实际上，这些年第三产业在我国国有企业下岗职工再就业中已经发挥了关键作用。未来，第三产业将得到更大的发展，成为扩大就业的主渠道。不仅如此，只有第三产业得到快速发展，才有可能将现代化进程推进第三阶段———由工业强国到服务业大国。 望采纳!
2. 求一篇金融方面的英语作文
不是我写的，。是网路上搜索到的
Advantages of Getting a Loan from the Bank for My Studies
助学贷款的好处
I am a College student from a farmer's family in a mountaineous area. A year ago, I was admitted to a famous university. Before entering the university, I was told that the necessary expenses ring my four years' study would cost nearly fifty thousand yuan. My parents had collected all the money there was to collect, including the money borrowed from their relatives, but it was hardly enough to meet the needs. Then,good news came that I could resort to the bank for a loan. I thought it was a good idea and so I did it.
My decision was based on the following considerations:
First, with the loan I can pay the tuition and support my life on the campus.
Secondly, I don't have to depend on my parents who are always worrying about the enormous family expenditure.
Thirdly, I will always have the pressure upon me which forces me to study the hard way.
Fourthly, I have to live a very simple life and save every coin possible. To sooner liquidate the debt, I sometimes work as a home tutor, sometimes a door-to-door salesman, sometimes a restaurant waiter.
Finally, while doing part-time jobs, I have accumulated a lot of social experience, bitter sometimes, sweet occasionally but happy all the time.
I think the above are the advantages the loan from the bank has brought to me. They are beneficial not only to my studies at the university but also to my future career, because I firmly believe in the saying that "Harsh life proces a diligent and intelligent man."
可以不咯？
3. 关于金融的英语文章
经济学人：加拿大的住宅市场
Finance and Economics; 财经；
Canada's housing market; 加拿大的住宅市场；
Time for a bigger needle; 该出手时就出手；
The latest attempt to prick a bubble;戳破泡沫的最新举措；
经济学人：
Canada's reputation for financial regulation is starry. Its banksgot through the crisis unscathed. According to Moody's, a ratings agency, Royal Bank of Canadasits alongside HSBC and JPMorgan Chase in the top tier of global banks. And Canadianpolicymakers are old hands at pulling “macroprudential” levers of the sort now in vogue amongrich-world central banks.
加拿大的金融监管一向广受赞誉。它的银行业在这场危机中做到了独善其身。根据评级机构穆迪的报告，加拿大皇家银行与汇丰银行以及摩根大通同列，跻身全球银行界的第一梯队。同时，加拿大的政策制定者也是运用宏观审慎政策的老手，这一政策如今也常被其他富国的央行使用。
But questions still nag. Some say that Canada's banks are flattered by a huge indemnity offeredby Canada Mortgage and Housing Corp (CMHC), a public institution that insures mortgages witha loan-to-value ratio of more than 80%. CHMC's book grew to 567 billion Canadian Dollar(557 billion Dollar) in 2011, up from 345 billion Canadian Dollar four years earlier. And Canada'shousing market looks very frothy on some measures: The Economist's analysis of price-to-rentratios suggests that Canadian properties were about 75% above their long-run “fair value” in thefirst quarter of 2012 (see chart). Although less than 0.5% of CHMC's mortgages are in arrears, such exuberance is a worry. The central bank recently labelled housing as “the most importantdomestic risk to financial stability in Canada”.
但是，仍有问题缠身。部分人士认为，加拿大的银行被加拿大抵押和住房公司（CMHC）提供的巨额补偿金美化了，CMHC是一家为贷款估值比率超过80%的抵押贷款提供保险的公共机构。在2011年，CHMC的抵押贷款额从四年前的3450亿增长到了5670亿加元（合5570亿美元）。并且，从一些指标来看，加拿大的房地产充斥着泡沫：《经济学人》以房价租金比所做的分析显示，在2012年第一季度，加拿大的物业价格高出它们的长期公允价值75%。纵然仅有低于0.5%的CHMC抵押贷款存在拖欠的情况，但这样的繁荣仍让人忧虑。最近，央行也冠以楼市 “危及加拿大金融稳定性的最大国内隐患”。
Repeated efforts by policymakers to take the heat out of housing have not had a noticeableeffect. So on June 21st Jim Flaherty, the finance minister, had another go, his fourth in fouryears. Some of the new measures were cosmetic. Buyers of homes worth more than 1m Dollarhave been able to get mortgage-default insurance from CMHC with a downpayment of only 5%. In practice, it is hard to find buyers in this bracket who do not have lots of equity in their homes. But after July 9th mortgages for homes of this value will not be eligible for CMHC coverage.
政策制定者们给楼市降温的不断尝试并无明显成效。于是，在6月21日，加拿大财长吉姆·费拉逖，在四年来第四次出台了一些新举措。新措施中的一些不过是表面功夫。价值过百万美元住宅的买主能得到由CMHC担保的债务违约保险以及首付仅付5%的优惠待遇。而事实上，很少有这类购房者在购房时不以大量自有资金支付价款的。不过，在6月9日之后，这类住宅将不再适用于CMHC的保险范围。
Other measures have more teeth. The maximum amortisation period for a mortgage will now be25 years, down from 30. That should hurt demand: last year about 40% of new mortgages werefor terms longer than that. Refinancing a home will be allowed only up to 80% of its value, downfrom 85%. Homebuyers will have to demonstrate their housing costs are no more than 39% oftheir gross household income. On top of Mr Flaherty's measures, the Office of theSuperintendent of Financial Institutions, Canada's banking regulator, slapped a loan-to-value limitof 65% on borrowing against home equity.
其他那些则更为有力。抵押贷款最长还贷期限如今将从30年降低至25年。这势必将减少需求：去年约有40%的新贷款的期限是超过25年的。允许的房屋再融资的上限从房屋价值的85%降至只有80%。购房者还须证明他们的住房支出不超过家庭总收入的39%。费拉逖的举措中，紧随其后的是，加拿大的银行监管部门，联邦金融机构监督办公室，将贷款和自有资金间的贷款估值比率的限制猛降至65%。
Craig Alexander, the chief economist for TD Financial Group, estimates all this will be theequivalent of about a 1% rise in mortgage rates for most homebuyers. He believes that willproce a slow unwinding of the housing market. If he is right, and Mr Flaherty's variousinterventions avoid the collateral damage that would be caused by an actual interest-rate rise, Canada's admirers will have another thing to swoon over.
多伦多道明银行金融集团首席经济学家，克雷格·亚历山大估计，所有这些措施对于购房者而言将等同于抵押贷款利率上升1%。他认为这将促使房产市场缓慢回归。如果他的观点正确，并且费拉逖的各种干预手段能够避免可能引发实际利率上升的附带伤害，那么如此一来，加拿大的崇拜者们又将有一个可以津津乐道的话题了。
4. 求金融英语及其相关文章
Financial Management
Management of funds is a critical aspect of financial management. Management of funds act as the foremost concern whether it is in a business undertaking or in an ecational institution. Financial management, which is simply meant dealing with management of money matters.
Meaning of Financial Management
By Financial Management we mean efficient use of economic resources namely capital funds. Financial management is concerned with the managerial decisions that result in the acquisition and financing of short term and long term credits for the firm. Here it deals with the situations that require selection of specific assets, or a combination of assets and the selection of specific problem of size and growth of an enterprise. Herein the analysis deals with the expected inflows and outflows of funds and their effect on managerial objectives. In short, Financial Management deals with Procurement of funds and their effective utilization in the business.
So the analysis simply states two main aspects of financial management like procurement of funds and an effective use of funds to achieve business objectives.
Procurement of funds:
As funds can be procured from multiple sources so procurement of funds is considered an important problem of business concerns. Funds obtained from different sources have different characteristics in terms of potential risk, cost and control.
Funds issued by the issue of equity shares are the best from risk point of view for the company as there is no question of repayment of equity capital except when the company is liquidated.
From the cost point of view equity capital is the most expensive source of funds as dividend expectations of shareholders are normally higher than that of prevailing interest rates.
Financial management constitutes risk, cost and control. The cost of funds should be at minimum for a proper balancing of risk and control.
In the globalised competitive scenario, mobilization of funds plays a very significant role. Funds can be raised either through the domestic market or from abroad. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) as well as Foreign Institutional Investors(FII) are two major sources of raising funds. The mechanism of procurement of funds has to be modified in the light of requirements of foreign investors.
Utilization of Funds:
Effective utilization of funds as an important aspect of financial management avoids the situations where funds are either kept idle or proper uses are not being made. Funds procured involve a certain cost and risk. If the funds are not used properly then running business will be too difficult. In case of dividend decisions we also consider this. So it is crucial to employ the funds properly and profitably.
Scope of Financial Management
Sound financial management is essential in all types of organizations whether it be profit or non-profit. Financial management is essential in a planned Economy as well as in a capitalist set-up as it involves efficient use of the resources.
From time to time it is observed that many firms have been liquidated not because their technology was obsolete or because their procts were not in demand or their labour was not skilled and motivated, but that there was a mismanagement of financial affairs. Even in a boom period, when a company make high profits there is also a fear of liquidation because of bad financial management.
Financial management optimizes the output from the given input of funds. In a country like India where resources are scarce and the demand for funds are many, the need of proper financial management is required. In case of newly started companies with a high growth rate it is more important to have sound financial management since finance alone guarantees their survival.
Financial management is very important in case of non-profit organizations, which do not pay adequate attentions to financial management.
How ever a sound system of financial management has to be cultivated among bureaucrats, administrators, engineers, ecationalists and public at a large.
Objectives of Financial Management
Efficient Financial management requires the existence of some objectives, which are as follows
1) Profit Maximization:
The objective of financial management is the same as the objective of a company which is to earn profit. But profit maximization alone cannot be the sole objective of a company. It is a limited objective. If profits are given une importance then problems may arise as discussed below.
The term profit is vague and it involves much more contradictions.
Profit maximization must be attempted with a realization of risks involved. A positive relationship exists between risk and profits. So both risk and profit objectives should be balanced.
Profit Maximization fails to take into account the time pattern of returns.
Profit maximization does not take into account the social considerations.
2) Wealth Maximization:
It is commonly understood that the objective of a firm is to maximize value and wealth.
The value of a firm is represented by the market price of the company's stock. The market price of a firm's stock represents the assesment of all market participants as to what the value of the particular firm is. It takes in to account present and prospective future earnings per share, the timing and risk of these earning, the dividend policy of the firm and many other factors that bear upon the market price of the stock. Market price acts as the performance index or report card of the firm's progress and potential.
Prices in the share markets are affected by many factors like general economic outlook, outlook of the particular company, technical factors and even mass psychology. Normally this value is a function of two factors:
The anticipated rate of earnings per share of the company
The capitalization rate.
The likely rate of earnings per shares depend upon the assessment of how profitable a company may be in the future.
The capitalization rate reflects the liking of the investors for the company.
Methods of Financial Management:
In the field of financing there are multiple methods to procure funds. Funds may be obtained from long term sources as well as from short term sources. Long term funds may be procured by owners that are shareholders, lenders by issuing debentures, from financial institutions, banks and the general public at large. Short term funds may be availed from commercial banks, public deposits, etc. Financial leverage or trading on equity is an important method by which a finance manager may increase the return to common shareholders.
At the time of evaluating capital expenditure projects methods like average rate of return, pay back, internal rate of returns, net present value and profitability index are used. A firm can increase its profitability without adversely affecting its liquidity by an efficient utilization of the current resources at the disposal of the firm. A firm can increase its profitability without negatively affecting its liquidity by efficient management of working capital.
Similarly, for the evaluation of a firm's performance there are different methods. Ratio analysis is a common technique to evaluate different aspects of a firm. An investor takes in to account various ratios to know whether investment in a particular company will be profitable or not. These ratios enable him to judge the profitability, solvency, liquidity and growth aspect of the firm.
5. 急求一篇金融理财行业的英语文章
上海外版网站，你可以任意下载
6. 求金融类英语小短文
已发送，注意查收
7. 求一篇关于金融专业英语的论文
多少字？
8. 跪请高人翻译一篇金融方面的英语文章（Related Party Transaction Policies and Proceres Policy）
大宝，我也感激不尽啊~~
9. 求一篇关于金融的英文文章要2000字
这篇是在cnn上找到的。
Alibaba is not the Amazon of China
September 16 HONG KONG
Forget what you've read, Alibaba is NOT "the Amazon of China."
The analogy has been used widely as Alibaba prepares for its IPO. But it is only partially accurate, and masks big differences in business models.
Sure, Alibaba (BABA) and Amazon both do business on the Internet. They both enable consumers to buy huge volumes of goods without stepping foot in a store. And both have a stranglehold on their home markets.
But that's pretty much where the similarities end. Unlike Amazon (AMZN, Tech30), Alibaba does not own most of the items sold on its platforms, it does not maintain massive distribution centers, and it has only a fraction of the 132,000 employees on Amazon's books.
"Amazon and eBay are e-commerce companies, and Alibaba is not an e-commerce company," Alibaba co-founder Jack Ma said last year. "Alibaba helps others to do e-commerce. We do not sell things."
The point Ma was trying to drive home is that Alibaba excels at connecting buyers and sellers. Alibaba is not the seller.
Related: Meet four kings of Alibaba's online retail empire
The company's largest digital marketplace -- Taobao -- allows consumers to buy goods directly from small businesses. Tmall, Alibaba's other major shopping marketplace, connects larger brand retailers to consumers.
Alibaba makes money on Taobao by selling advertisements and search placement to retailers (kinda like Google (GOOG)). The company takes a commission from the larger retailers that operate on Tmall (think eBay (EBAY, Tech30)).
The model means that Ma doesn't have to obsess over keeping prices low the way Amazon founder Jeff Bezos does.
Related: Should you buy Alibaba shares?
The structure also makes Alibaba more of a pure Internet play, a trend reflected in the company's bottom line. Compared to Amazon, Alibaba's revenue is small (but growing faster). And investors are salivating over the company's much higher profit margins.
Investors have also been enticed by Alibaba's success at building what Ma calls an Internet "ecosystem."
The network of services allows consumers to move seamlessly between the company's online retail marketplaces and mobile apps used to process payments, buy movie tickets, call a taxi or invest in a money market fund. Alibaba even has a corporate cousin in the logistics business that handles most of the shipments generated on Tmall and Taobao.
Related: 7 things Alibaba users can do
In the end, Alibaba's biggest strengths may stem from overcoming broader problems in China's retail sector.
Ma has said that e-commerce in the U.S. is about transferring an existing business onto the Internet (think Amazon and books).
"E-commerce in the U.S. is like a dessert. It's just supplementary to your main business," Ma said. "In China, because the infrastructure of commerce is [so] bad, e-commerce becomes the main course."
What will happen when Alibaba and Amazon find themselves fighting for the same consumers? Here they are similar: expect both founders to come out swinging.
"Lying behind the massive allure of the capital market, there is unparalleled ruthlessness and pressure," Ma wrote in a letter to employees earlier this year. "In this market, only a small number of outstanding enterprises can maintain a gallop."
By Charles Riley September 16, 2014 00:54AM EDT
10. 金融类英语文章
您好
Planning a share portfolio
Tere is no shortage of tipsters around offering"get-rich-quick'opportunities.But if you are a serious private investor,leave the Las Vegas mentality to those with money to fritter.The serious investor needs a proper'portfolio'-a well-planned selection of investments,with a definite structure and a clear aim.But exactly how does a newcomer to the stock market go about achieving that?
5 Well,if you go to five reputable stock brokers and ask them what you should do with your money,you're likely to get five different answers-even if you give all the relevant infoumation about your age,family,finances and what you want from your investments.Moral?There is no one "right‘ to structure a portfolio.However,thereare undoubtedly some wrong ways,and you can be sure that none of our five advisers would have suggested sinking all(or perhaps any)of your money into Periwigs*.
10 so what should you do?We'll assume that you have sorted out the basics-like mortgages,pensions,insurance and access to sufficient cash reserves.You should then establish your own indivial aims.These are partly a matter of personal circumstances,partly a matter of psychology.
For instance,if you are older you have less time to recover from any major losses,and you may well wish to boost your pension income.So preserving your capital and generating extra income are your main 15priorities.In this ease,you'd probably construct a portfolio with some shares (but not high risk ones),along with gilts,cash deposits,and perhaps convertibles or the income shares of split capital investment trusts.
If you are younger,and in a solid financial position,you may decide to take an a ggressive approach-but only if you're blessed with a sanguine disposition and won't suffer sleepless nights over share prices.If you recognize yourself in this description,you might include a couple ofheady growth stocks in your 20 portfolio,alongside your more pedestrian investments.Once you have decided on your investment aims,you can'then decide where to put your money.The golden rule here is spread your risk-if you put all of *‘Periwigs’is the mame of a fictitious company.